Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Boucerosia procumbens ( Gravely & Mayur . )

The aim of this study was to synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in the ethanol extract of Boucerosia procumbens. Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. The synthesized Silver Nanoparticles were characterized by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). It was found that ethanol silver iron can be reduced by ethanol plant extracts of plant to generate to extremely stable Silver Nanoparticles.


Introduction
The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active researches nowadays in modern material science and technology.Nanoparticles are fundamental building blocks of nanobiotechnology.The most important and distinct property of Nanoparticles is they exhibit larger surface area to volume ratio (Leela et al., 2008)."Nano" is a Greek world synonymous to dwart meaning extremely small.Nanotechnology is one of the areas of frontiers research.It has wide applications in science and technology for developing new material.Use of Nanoparticles is gaining attention in the present century as the process well defined chemical, optical and mechanical properties.(Sivkumar et al., 2011).
Recently, great efforts were made to use green and environmentally friendly methods for the synthesis of nano size materials.These efforts involve the use of plant or fruit extracts as surfactants plant parts such as, leaf, root, latex, and stem are being used for metal Nanoparticles synthesis (Yang et al., 2010;Bai et al., 2010;Sohn and Cohen, 1997).The use of plant materials for the synthesis of Nanoparticles could be more advantages, as it does not require elaborate process such as intracellular synthesis and multiple purification steps or the maintenance of microbial cell cutlers.Silver Nanoparticles containing material are used in medicine to reduce infection in burn treatment.
Boucerosia include succulent plants with leaf less erect, trailing or decumbent stems, with ephemeral vestigial leaves.This genus is different from the genus Caralluma mainly due to the presence of umbellate terminal cymes.Rmesh et al., (1999) reported the anti-inflammatory activity of genus Boucerosia species in India (Karuppusamy, 2011).Among the them endemic B. procumbens is a critically endangered species (Nayar, 2002).(IUCN, 2015) and found in Maruthuvamalai and Aramboli rocky hills in Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu.(RET), (David samuel et al., 2008).It has long trailing stems, sometimes exceeding up to (Dutta AC. 1994).It has no prominent leaf scars on the stem and the edges of the stems were sharp with square angles.The species grows mainly near Seasonal streamlets in rocky crevices on the dry hills (Zakaria M.N.M et al 2001) locally B. procumbens is known as Research Article "Paaraikalli".Since it grows in the rocky substratum and looks like cactus.Traditionally the species is used for bowel complaints and also medicated oil prepared from the plant was used for rheumatism and to relieve pain.So, far there was no report on Silver Nanoparticles activity of this species.In the present study synthesis of silver nano particles of the species is studied.

Materials and Methods
Boucerosia procumbens, selected for this study was collected from Marunthuval malai hills lying at latitude 8.9° N and longitude 77 E of Kanayakumari District of Tamilnadu state in India.The plant material was thoroughly washed with running tap water and washed with sterile distilled water, followed by drying in room temperature.Then it was grounded in to powder and stored in air tight sterile containers.

Preparation of Crude Extract
5gram, powder material of plant Boucerosia procumbens was taken in a sterile conical flask.50ml of distilled water was added to it.Then the mixer was kept in incubator for 48hours at room temperature.After incubation, the solution is subjected to centrifuge at 6000rpm for 10 minutes to obtain the pellet.Then the Supernatant was collected from the tube and it was kept for evaporation (to sediment the particles) until it get fully evaporated.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
After effective evaporation, the settled powder was collected.Then that powder was taken as 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, and 100mg concentration and mixed with 44ml of Triple Distilled Water is taken in four sterile conical flasks.1mM Silver nitrate solution is taken and introduced into the each conical flask and mixed well.The conical flask containing silver nitrate solution is kept in Magnetic stirrer.Then the 6ml of various concentrated sample solution is taken and made to add drop by drop into the silver nitrate solution.This process continues until the colour of the solution changes from green to brown.Then they obtained solution is kept for evaporation at room temperature or in incubator.After evaporation the product will be obtained as powder.Then the powder is washed twice with distilled water.Then they obtained solution is used for the further processes.
Chemical Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles 100 ml 1mM silver nitrate is taken and it is heated at boiling temperature using hot plate with magnetic stirrer.After attaining boiling temperature 10ml of tri sodium citrate added drop by drop until it attains pale yellowish colour.Then they obtained solution is kept for evaporation at room temperature or in incubator.After evaporation the product will be obtained as powder.Then the powder is washed twice with distilled water.Then they obtained solution is used for the further processes.

SEM Analysis SEM analysis each of the colloidal solution containing
AgNPs were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min, and the pellets was discarded and the supernatants were again centrifuged at 25,900 rpm for 30 min.This time, the supernatants were discarded and the final pellets were dissolved in 0.1 mL of deionized water.The pellet was mixed properly and carefully placed on a glass cover slip followed by air-drying.The cover slip itself was used during scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.The samples were then gold coated using a coater (JEOL, Akishima -shi, Japan, and Model No JFC-1600).The images of NPs were obtained in a scanning electron microscope (ZEISSEVO-MA 10, Oberkochen, Germany).The details regarding applied voltage, magnification used and size of the contents of the images were implanted on the images itself.

Result and Discussions
The Ethanolic extract of B. procumbens was used to produce silver nanoparticles and the reduction of silver ions into silver particles during exposure to the plant extract is followed by colour change (Fig. 1).It is well known that silver nanoparticles exhibit yellowish brown colour in aqueous solution due to excitation of surface plasma vibrations in silver nanoparticles (Shankar et al., 2004).As the ethanolic extract of B. procumbens was mixed in the aqueous solution of silver ion complex, it started to change the colour from green to yellowish brown due to reduction of silver ion, which may be the indication of formation of silver nanoparticles shows agreement with previous reports (Shankar et al., 2004;Kaviya et al., 2011).Almost all the herbal mediated silver nano solution safer incubation time were showed the colour change from light to dark colour.

Conclusion
The study included the synthesis of the silver nano particles from the plant of Boucerosia procumbens.The plant extract is capable for the synthesis of Nanoparticles of silver by green method.The synthesized Nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM method.The synthesized silver nano particles may exhibit significant biological activity.Thus it can be conclude that Boucerosia procumbens possess more activity against further studies would reveal its other activities.

Fig 1 :
Fig 1: SEM Analysis of silver Nanoparticles