@article{Bhattarai_2012, title={Effects of Antimony and Tin Additions in the Intermediate Ir<sub>1-x-y</sub> Sn<sub>x</sub>Sb<sub>y</sub>O<sub>2+0.5y</sub> Layer of Mn–Mo–Sn–O Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Seawater Electrolysis}, volume={27}, url={https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNCS/article/view/6665}, DOI={10.3126/jncs.v27i1.6665}, abstractNote={&lt;p&gt;The oxygen production anode for seawater electrolysis is composed of two layers on the titanium substrate. The outermost layer is electrocatalysts of ?-MnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; type Mn&lt;sub&gt;1-x-y&lt;/sub&gt;Mo&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2+x&lt;/sub&gt; triple oxides and the intermediate layer preventing insulating oxide formation on the titanium substrate is generally IrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Due to limited amount of iridium, alternative materials to the intermediate IrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; having sufficient durability and conductivity at high potentials for anodic polarization are required. In this context, decrease in the amount of IrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; by substitution with SnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and increase in the electronic conductivity of the intermediate layer by Sb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; addition is performed in this works. The additions of SnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with Sb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; to the intermediate layer of the Mn-Mo-Sn-O/Ir&lt;sub&gt;1–x–y&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2+0.5y&lt;/sub&gt;/Ti anodes was effective to decrease the use of IrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, maintaining the high electronic conductivity of the intermediate Ir&lt;sub&gt;1–x–y&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2+0.5y&lt;/sub&gt; layer and the high activity of oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis at pH 1 for about 1550 h. The oxygen evolution efficiency of the nanocrystalline ?-MnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; type Mn-Mo-Sn-O/Ir&lt;sub&gt;1–x–y&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;Sb&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2+0.5y&lt;/sub&gt;/Ti anodes with 0.208 M Ir&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt;, 0.208-0.416 M Sn&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.104 M Sb&lt;sup&gt;5+&lt;/sup&gt; in the intermediate layers was about 98.5 % during electrolysis for about 1550 hours without any degradation in 0.5 M NaCl solution of pH 1 at 25°C.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v27i1.6664&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v27i1.6664&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 27, 2011 78-85&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Nepal Chemical Society}, author={Bhattarai, Jagadeesh}, year={2012}, month={Aug.}, pages={78–85} }