Iron Profile and Serum Electrolytes Among Patients with Microcytic Hypochromic Iron Deficiency Anemia Attending a Tertiary Care Center at Kathmandu, Nepal

Abstract

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia is a significant public health concern in developing countries, including Nepal, and contributes considerably to morbidity. Beyond impaired hemoglobin synthesis, iron deficiency may influence red blood cell membrane function and electrolyte homeostasis through alterations in Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity.

Aims: To evaluate serum iron profile, red cell indices, and serum electrolyte levels in patients with iron deficiency anemia and to assess the correlation of hemoglobin with serum ferritin, iron and serum electrolytes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital from September 2024 to March 2025, among 323 patients aged 15–70 years diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Demographic data, complete blood count, red cell indices, serum iron profile, peripheral blood smear, and serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate) were analyzed using automated analyzers. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 17, applying descriptive and inferential statistics, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: Females constituted 65.6% of the study population, with the highest prevalence observed in the 15–24-year age group. Mean serum iron and ferritin levels were markedly reduced, confirming iron deficiency. While most serum electrolytes remained within normal reference ranges, hemoglobin showed significant correlation with bicarbonate, chloride, and Red Cell Distribution Width.

Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia is associated with significant alterations in iron profile, red cell indices, and serum electrolyte levels. Routine monitoring of serum electrolytes in individuals with iron deficiency anemia will aid in early detection of electrolyte imbalance and prevention of related complications.