Challenges of Sustainable Development of TVET Programs and Projects

Education is a key to open the door of human development and TVET is master key to open the door of economic development of the world. Therefore, all most all countries have given high priority for TVET to empower their human capital and economic development. Despite their initiatives, majority of them could not achieve sustainable development of TVET. There are different challenges and issues that are hindering on it. This paper describes on brief introduction on sustainable development and sustainable TVET or green TVET. It also highlights the major challenges of sustainable development of TVET.


What is Sustainable Development (SD)?
According to International Institute for Sustainable Development (2015), "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.It contains within it two key concepts: • the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and • the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." Considering the above definition, we have to categorize the needs at different level because it differs from people to people, group to group, society to society, country to country.Therefore, needs are based on economic and social context.For example, if you listed clean air to breathe, but also listed a car for transportation, your needs might conflict.What happens when a company's need for cheap labor conflicts with workers' needs for livable wages?Or when individual families' needs for firewood conflict with the need to prevent erosion and conserve topsoil?Or when one country's need for electricity results in acid rain that damages another country's lakes and rivers?
Therefore, identification of needs and prioritize them to fulfill the needs of majority of people without damaging economic, social, cultural and environment aspects is considered as sustainable development (World Bank, 2001).
What is Sustainable TVET or Green TVET? Green skills are also known as sustainable development skills.Following are the major challenges.

Awareness on Sustainable Development Approaches or Models
There are huge gaps in education system to learn on sustainable development.School education, TVET and higher education curricula are not relevant with sustainable development approaches.Therefore, we have to do campaign to bring awareness on SD and develop educational system to contribute SD.Wilson (2011) also states that in developing and least development countries there are huge gap in education system and the awareness in respect to sustainable development is vital to remove this gap.

Development of TVET programs and projects for quality of life rather than immediate poverty reduction
In economically deprived situation, people are worried with their day to day livelihood problems.Therefore, TVET programs are implementing to fulfill their immediate needs rather than long term quality of life.As a result people are struggling to survive in the poverty situation.Li (2014) also reveals that TVET programs provide practical skill and life skills which further helps them to fulfill their long term needs and aspirations.

Match between demand and supply of TVET Programs
In developing countries, there is still huge gap between skills required by the employers and skills provided by TVET institutions.It is happening due to the lack of professional corporate culture, coordination between both demand and supply sides and lack of resources to do market research.As a result, graduates of TVET are either unemployed or do not get gainful employment.Seen in this light, TVET is more closely aligned with productive activities -sometimes survival strategies-or with those which are doable and result from the nature of their contexts, than to the need to train in order to satisfy the demand of a formal market or respond to the exigencies of technological development as dictated by modernity (Pieck, 2015).

. Adoption of innovation, technology and global competitiveness in TVET
It can be possible with the human capital having TVET with green or sustainable skills.For These skills contribute to create green jobs, green environment and green society.Ultimately, it contributes for global sustainable development.There are many challenges of sustainable development of TVET but, we can overcome such challenges.Challenges can be converted into opportunities if we addressed sustainable development of TVET components in all stage of TVET cycle such as pre training, on training and post training stages.It means training program should be developed based on market demand, involvement of employers in all stages, course should have greening skills, teaching and learning methodology must be low teacher centered and high self learning environment i.e, practical exposure, group works, industry exposure, cognitive and problem solving skills, exposure to green jobs and green industry, entrepreneurship skills, and appropriate technology which reduces the energy and resources.Similarly, there should be strong linkages with employers and financial institutions for self employment generation for post TVET stages.It gives exposure to graduates on greening jobs and creates green jobs and environment.
ConclusionsSustainable Development is backbone of present and future economic development of the country.