https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/issue/feedNepal Journal of Epidemiology2022-03-31T13:37:00+00:00Dr. Brijesh Sathiandrsathian@gmail.comOpen Journal Systems<p>The official journal of the International Nepal Epidemiological Association (INEA). Content also available on the journal's own <a title="NJE" href="http://www.ceainea.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">website</a>. It is indexed in PubMed,PubMed Central, EMBASE, Web of Science, Thomson and Reuters, CABI.</p>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/42459Telemedicine as an unexpected catalyst during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic 2022-02-18T06:31:30+00:00Mahendra Kumarkumarmahen9@gmail.comPushpa RaniGahlawat.pushpa@gmail.comBinal Joshibinaljoshi.nur@charusat.ac.inRoop Kishor Soniroop.soni@yahoo.comAnita Kumarianita1993898@gmail.comKusum K Rohillakus2211@gmail.com<p>Telemedicine that also known as the practice of medicine at a distance whereby information technology is used to ensure the delivery of medical care services. Telemedicine is not a new concept in the world and India.Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) started telemedicine in India during year 2001 as a pilot project and in year 2005 Ministry of Health and family welfare started full time program of telemedicine by connecting all major health institutions. Telemedicine is connecting people across border and culture. The need-based changes are coming in telemedicine sectors such as smart apps, involvement of private sector players and high intensity internet connections reaching to rural areas and difficult demographic locations. During Covid-19 pandemic telemedicine benefited people by supplying health information and consultation without breaching them without breeching physical contact restrictions. The ease of access to telemedicine applications, its low cost, and the lack of infrastructure requirements propelled to become the top choice in these dayswhere physical distancingconsidered the aforementioned, thus we can conclude that telemedicine is promising tool.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEAhttps://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/43633The Growing Importance of Mixed-Methods Research in Health 2022-03-04T10:32:03+00:00Sharada Prasad Wastis.p.wasti@hud.ac.ukPadam Simkhadap.p.simkhada@hud.ac.ukEdwin van Teijlingenevteijlingen@bournemouth.ac.ukBrijesh Sathiandrsathian@gmail.comIndrajit Banerjeeindrajit18@gmail.com<p>This paper illustrates the growing importance of mixed-methods research to a wide range of health disciplines ranging from nursing to epidemiology. Mixed-methods approaches requires not only the skills of the individual quantitative and qualitative methods but also a skill set to bring two methods/datasets/findings together in the most appropriate way. Health researchers need to pay careful attention to the ‘best’ approach to designing, implementing, analysing, integrating both quantitative (number) and qualitative (word) information and writing this up in a way that enhances its applicability and broadens the evidence-based practice. This paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of mixed-methods approaches as well as some of the common mistakes made by researchers applying mixed-methods for the first time.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEAhttps://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/41186A Fatal Tyre Blast Injury: An Autopsy Case2022-01-05T15:32:14+00:00Rajesh Kumardrrajeshkumar.aiims@gmail.comNishat Ahmed Sheikhdrnishatsheikh@gmail.com<p>A 49-year-old man sustained an accidental injury when he was changing and inflating the tyre of a truck, and there was a sudden explosion of the truck tyre at the service station, which was by the roadside of the highway. With the pressure of air generated due to the exploding tyre, the victim was blown to around 6 feet away. He was declared dead on admission. The medico-legal examination was conducted, and death was determined to be multiple organ injuries [mainly head, chest, and abdominal injuries] caused by the shock wave produced due to tyre explosion. Tyre blast injuries are not so common. A meticulous post-mortem examination is fundamental in formulating and recording the pattern of traumatic injuries. Preventive occupational measures should be put in <br />place.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEAhttps://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/42975Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Breast in a lactating mother : Case Report2022-03-04T06:42:47+00:00Neeraj Kumar Ratheeratheeneeraj1995@gmail.comNidhi Guptanidhiguptaonco@gmail.comSawant Sharmasaavysharma@gmail.comHari Krishan Ratheerathee-ratheehari19@gmail.com<p>Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of breast is a rare condition. NHL breast constitute about 0.5% of all malignancies of breast. NHL breast constitute nearly 1% of all cases of NHL. Among all subtypes of NHL, DLBCL (Diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma) is the most common type to be known. Marginal zone lymphoma (10-30%), follicular lymphoma (10-20%) and Burkit Lymphoma (5%) are other common histologic variants. Burkitt lymphoma is mainly seen in pregnant females or lactating females. Breast implant associated anapaestic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) constitutes remaining case. Thus, primary NHL of Breast is rare condition. DLBCL is most common histologic variant. We report here a rare case of primary NHL Breast. A 30 years old lactating mother came with history of swelling and nipple discharge from bilateral breast. -Treatment approach for low grade NHL breast is Radiotherapy only and for high grade NHL breast there is a role for combined modality approach that is chemotherapy followed by Radiotherapy with or without surgical intervention.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEAhttps://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/43158COVID-19 vaccines and immunization in the paediatric population2022-02-15T06:34:18+00:00Indrajit Banerjeeindrajit18@gmail.comJared Robinsonjaredrob345@gmail.comBrijesh Sathiandrsathian@gmail.com<p>UNICEF data released thus far states that 0.4% of the deaths experienced due to COVID-19 (12300) have been recorded in those aged 20 years and below, with 58% of the deaths occurring between the ages of 10 to 19 years and 42% in those aged 0-9 years old respectively. The evidence supporting the use of immunization in the general populous stands true, however the use thereof in the paediatric population is not clear and thus the vital question which remains to be definitively answered and explored is that of vaccination in the younger paediatric age groups, namely those aged between 5 and 12 years. The deaths registered in this young populous are high and it is the duty of physicians to protect those whom are weakest through the use of the most scientifically accepted and proven methods.</p> <p>The national immunization programme of Nepal has a stratagem which aims to vaccinate 1.74 million children aged 12 to 17 years of age with the Moderna vaccine and plans to use the COVAX vaccine for those aged 18 years and above. The efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines is evident and their role is vital in combatting the mortality, morbidity and development of new mutations. The role of approved vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna in the younger age groups namely 12 to 18 years of age and 5 to 12 years of age is vital and shows a categorical increase in immunity and protection. It is thus advised for the 5- to 18-year-old cohort to receive their COVID-19 vaccinations. The efficacy of such vaccines in those aged between 6 months and 5 years is still in question and further scientific data and research will need to be undertaken so as to establish the benefits of COVID-19 immunization in the younger paediatric populous.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEAhttps://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/43104The Art of the Editorial2022-02-11T13:24:44+00:00Edwin van Teijlingenevteijlingen@bournemouth.ac.ukVanora Hundleyvhundley@bournemouth.ac.ukBrijesh Sathiandrsathian@gmail.comPadam Simkhadap.p.simkhada@hud.ac.ukJared Robinsonjaredrob345@gmail.comIndrajit Banerjeeindrajit18@gmail.com<p>Many traditional scientific journals carry an editorial at the start of each issue or perhaps in most issues. The more recently established online journals seemed to have discontinued this tradition, for example there is no editorial in <em>Sociological Research Online </em>or many of the online journals in the BMC stable, such as <em>BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth </em>or <em>BMC Public Health.</em></p> <p>Over the past two decades we have published close to fifty editorials between us. We would like to highlight some of their specific features to offer advice and encouragement to would-be editorial writers, and, more generally, promote the writing and publishing of editorials. This paper includes an overview of the eight most recent editorials, all focusing on the hot topic of COVID-19, published in this scientific journal.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEAhttps://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJE/article/view/42292Impact of Lockdown due to COVID-19 on lifestyle and diet pattern of college students of Eastern India: A cross-sectional survey2022-01-25T12:16:49+00:00Santosh Kumar Niraladrsantoshnirala@aiimspatna.orgBijaya Naikdr.bijaya02@gmail.comRajath Raourrr16@gmail.comSanjay Pandeydrsanjayp@aiimspatna.orgChandramani Singhdrcmsingh@yahoo.co.inNeha Chaudharymadhuchaudhary9@gmail.com<p><strong>Background: </strong>The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures to confine it has disrupted the routine of the public. The impact of such long-term confinements on the lifestyle and diet of students are not known and hence this study was designed to assess the impact of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the lifestyle and diet of university students.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> An online cross-sectional survey among 622 university students across various educational institutes of east India using a pre-designed questionnaire about lifestyle-diet before and during the lockdown. Results were tabulated and statistical tests like Paired t-test, Wilcoxon Rank sign test, and Mc-Nemar tests were applied and overall significance was attributed to P<0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> During the lockdown a total of 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4-3.8%) decrease in prevalence of tobacco use, 8.7% (95% CI: 6.6-11%) decrease in physical activity and a 0.8 hour (95% CI: 0.6-0.9 hour) increase in the mean sleep duration was observed. There was a significant increase in use of fresh fruits consumption [Median(IQR)-before:2(1-5);during:3(1-5) days] and a decrease in meat-poultry[Median(IQR)-before: 2(0-3);during: 1(0-3)days] and junk food[Median(IQR)-before:1(0-2);during:0(0-2)days] consumption during the lockdown.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A significant proportion of changes in lifestyle and frequency of consumption of certain food items in the dietary pattern during the lockdown.</p>2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2022 CEA & INEA