Damak Campus Journal

An Exposure to Natural Background Radiation in Eastern Nepal

2024-03-03T23:54:01+00:00

Monitoring natural background radiation is important to locate the high background area. The objective of the work is to find the average background radiation in the Morang district and to observe the effects of cosmic radiation at high altitudes. In this study, background radiation was measured in 17 different municipalities of Morang with the help of a GM counter of model GMC-300E plus. The result showed that the annual effective dose of Morang was 0.24±0.02mSv/y and was below the recommended value of 1 mSv/y set by ICRP for public health. The radiation level was slightly higher in the hospital area. The frequency distribution indicates that there is a good fit of observed data with a known Gaussian distribution. The variation of background radiation with an altitude from 381 to 2550m showed an increasing trend. The best-fitted line depicted that background radiation increased by 16% with 1000m in altitude and it was slightly higher than the literature’s result of 10-12%. The comparative study of the present work showed that the effective dose was the least value in the Morang (0.24mSv/y) and the highest in the Pokhara Valley (0.81mSv/yr).

Cultural Confrontations and its Impacts in Henry James' Daisy Miller

2024-03-04T00:05:44+00:00

Everyone stands on his / her own ground absorbing own shadow. This shadow always stands amid us and it has more or less influences on our being. This shadow, in fact, is culture; the set of thoughts, rules, norms, and values that the people assimilate in the particular place and time; and this most ambiguous term is culture. As a matter of fact, literary study is understood as 'cultural study'. The most inevitable issue of culture is its differences. The differences appear in the disguise of shock, clash, collision, confrontation, differences and cultural dimensions

This article proposes the bicultural study of America and Europe through the American visitors in Europe and cultural clash in Henry James’s narrative novella Daisy Miller. The characters of this novella young Daisy Miller, her brother Randolph Miller and her mother Mrs. Miller culturally confront while visiting Europe. They embody both tradition and translation; and fail to assimilate themselves in the 'host land'. Within tradition, they represent American culture, visible in the kind of cultural proximity they establish, as Daisy establishes with Winterbourne. Within translation, they try to reflect European culture, symbolized by the sort of affective relationship they keep, as Daisy keeps with young Italian Giovanelli. As migrant selves, they are able to conciliate Schenectady and Vevey, they transform tradition and translation into cultural identities that mutually nurture one another in spite the fact that they are judged vaguely through the European eyes.

Credit Risk and its Impact on Earnings of Nepalese Finance Company

2024-03-04T00:11:30+00:00

This study has examined the impact of credit risk on earning performance of Nepalese finance companies. The descriptive and causal-comparative research designs have been adopted for the study. The pooled data of four finance companies out of seventeen for the period of 2074/75 to 2078/79 have been analyzed using a regression model via SPSS. Impairment charge ratio and non-performing loan ratio are independent variables whereas interest spread rate, profit margin, and return on assets are the dependent variable. The regression results revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between interest spread rate and credit risk indicators, the non-performing loan ratio has an insignificant and negative effect on earnings performance and the impairment charge ratio has an insignificant but somewhat positive effect on the earnings performance of finance companies of Nepal. Nepalese finance companies should strictly follow the prevailing NRB Directive as well as Basel II Accord while managing credit risk and finance companies should use their effort to reduce non-performing loans.

Obtrusive Plagiarism and Data Falsification in Biological Sciences: Trends and Remedies

2024-03-04T00:17:24+00:00

Scientific misconduct includes plagiarism, falsification and fabrication. The intentional presentation of other’s work as own work without any authority is referred as plagiarism. Plagiarism also contains other’s images, structure and designed elements. It affects both published and unpublished materials obtained through evaluation of dissertations, peer review process or grant proposals. Fabrication is another research misconduct in which some fake activities are committed such as making up data, results and reporting them. If there is no any experimentation, it is also called fabrication. The Study shows that 60% of articles published in predatory journals are not found to be cited over the five-year period from the date of publication. Clear ethical standards should be made for assuring the researchers whether their work break certain codes or not. The investigation of organizations must be transparent, fair and prompt into research irregularities.

Revenue Relation with VAT in Nepal Government Budget Structure

2024-03-04T00:22:44+00:00

Taxes are major fiscal policy instruments and important government policy tools have an important role in increasing the rate of capital formation and thereby a high rate of economic growth can be achieved. Globalization, privatization and liberalization have brought the huge change in the country budget and economic environment. The budget management of government is one of the important tasks which play very important role in the nation and international environment which influence the technology and changing business environment has posed many challenges before management. This study aims to find out the Nepal government budget status in economic sectors. Descriptive research has been conducted using annual report of economic survey of ministry of finance. Descriptive analysis suggested that is strong relationship between revenue and expenditure management of Nepal government budget. The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between revenue and expenditure in the study made over the period 2073/74 to 2077/78 taken as a sample year in this research study among the various fiscal years of Nepal government budget. The statistical methods of trend analysis and descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and hypothesis test were used to analyze the study outcomes.

The results of the study indicated the revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions of Nepal government budget. This research articles report sources of revenue and structure of budget heads of Nepalese economic sector. It also reflects the whole revenue and expenditure positions of Nepal government and effective implementation of revenue estimation to manage deficits conditions. The revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions policy and strategies would also helps to manage deficits conditions by research studying.

Several Appropriate Statistical Techniques in Research

2024-03-04T00:31:59+00:00

This paper has the main purpose to assist researchers and students in choosing the appropriate statistical test for studies that examine one variable or more variables. The aim of this article is to consider the role which statistical methods can sensibly take in some relevant fields. Other objective of writing this paper is to provide the algorithm of choosing the statistical techniques in the data analysis. This article is concentrated to define data analysis and the concept of data preparation. Then, the data analysis will be discussed. The article covers a brief outline of the variables, an understanding of quantitative and qualitative variables and measure of central tendency. This article will also try to apprise the reader with the basic research techniques that are utilized while conducting various studies. Finally, there is a focus on parametric and nonparametric tests for data analysis and various strategies in this concept.

Trends of Utilization Plants Resources among Santhal of Nepal

2024-03-04T00:37:52+00:00

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Gauradaha municipality of Jhapa, Nepal. The objectives of study were documentation of ethnobotanical practices of santhal tribes. Some common ethnobotanical methodologies and techniques were applied during the course of study. Altogether 30 households were surveyed. 56 peoples were participated among them 8 were informants of age ranged from 40 to 90 years. Total 88 varieties of plants were listed which are used for different purpose and these species were distributed among 76 genera of 49 families. The highly represented family was Poaceae (7 species), Solanaceae (6 species), Compositae (5 species). The remaining families comprise very few species of identified plants. Distribution of plants according to habit were reported, among them herbs (42%), shrubs (27%), trees (24%) and climbers (7%).The majority of the plant species were reported to be used for medicinal purpose (36%)followed by multiple used i.e. a plant used for different purpose (27%), vegetable(12%), fodder (6%), food (6%), ornamental (5%), religious (5%) and fruit (3%).Distribution of plants according to part used were reported i.e. leaf (30%), multiple part i.e. different parts of a plant used (17%), fruit (16%), whole part (10%), stem (9%), seed(6%), root (6%), flower (4%) and bark (2%) for various purpose. So, from this study it is clear that this tribe has good knowledge about the importance of plant available in the study area.

Tax Payers Moral Behavior in Nepal

2024-03-04T00:45:10+00:00

This study analysis the Tax Payers’ moral behavior In Nepal. Further, the Study attempts to deal in the underlying reasons for non-compliance. Data was gathered through Questioner with four hundred participants, and analyses using thematic analysis. Results suggest those taxpayers have inadequate technical knowledge and perceive VAT system as complex. Tax Knowledge and tax complexity are viewed as contributing factors towards non-compliance behavior among taxpayers. The data are collected through well structured questionnaire. For the Purpose of analysis and interpretation the researcher has used the following statistical tools of SPSS. On the basis of analysis and interpretation the researcher introduces the major findings that the majority of the consumers pay tax but, they are not much aware of the VAT. Due to the High tendency of VAT the consumers try to avoid the payment of tax in Nepal.

Awareness on Pesticide Exposure and Safety Practices at Himalaya Tea Estate Damak-4

2024-03-04T00:50:47+00:00

Pest control is one of the major problems in tea plantation and may exert harmful impact to the environment and health if unhealthy practice prevails. Himalaya Tea estate situated in Damak cover a huge area of about 500 hectors of land where agricultural activity is continuously performed over years. This study was done to examine awareness on safety practices and use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) while handling pesticides by the workers in the Himalaya tea estate. For this a structured closed ended questionnaire survey was conducted among 30 respondents who were randomly sampled and an unstructured open ended key informant survey was conducted among the parties concerned with the subject from administrative level. This was supported by field observation.

From the study it was found that among many Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques of pest control chemical method was being practiced in the study area. Similarly during the survey safety and awareness it was revealed that despite of the availability PPE, none were found using a full set of it. Similarly majority of field workers i.e. nearly 99% were found unaware about IPM, Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), toxicity, banned pesticides, classes of pesticides etc. and had never taken any training related to the subject. During key informant survey it was revealed that the workers of administrative level had taken a few training programs. This highlights the gap in communication between them and suggests the need of awareness raising training programs regarding IPM and related topics among all level of workers.

Dyes and their Importance: A Review

2024-03-04T00:56:26+00:00

The global market for pigments and dyes is forecast to reach 9.9 million tons and $26.53 billion by the year 2017, driven by the growth in key end-use industries. Before synthetic dyes and pigments were discovered, limited number of natural colorant has been obtained from plants, animals and minerals. The classification of colorants has become mandatory due to huge increase in kind and number of colorants. For this reason, colorants are classified based on their structure, source, color, solubility and application methods. In this chapter, dyes will be investigated in two different groups as accordance with chemical structures and application methods. The basic classification groups were determined as azo, anthraquinone, indigo, phthalocyanine, sulfur, nitro and nitroso dyes by considering their chemical structures. According to application method, they were grouped as reactive, disperse, acid, basic, direct, and vat dyes. However, the classification of pigments as organic and inorganic pigments is also regarded as an appropriate way.

नेपालको विकासमा सन्थालको भूमिका {The role of Santhals in the development of Nepal}

2024-03-04T05:50:22+00:00

पूर्वी नेपालका झापा, मोरङ्ग र सुनसरी जिल्लामा परापुर्व कालदेखि वस्दै आएका सन्थाल अत्यन्तै गरिव र अभावको जिन्दगी व्यतित गर्दै आएका छन्। सन्थालले बोल्ने भाषा सन्थाली हो र यो भाषा आग्नेय एसीयाली भाषामा पर्दछ । २०६८ सालको जनगणना अनुसार सन्थालको जनसंख्या ५१७३५ रहेको छ । कामको सिलसिलामा यिनीहरु देशका अन्य क्षेत्रमा समेत बसोवास गर्दछन् । अन्य भाषा परिवारका प्रभावमा आएर लगभग १५०० जति सन्थालले आफ्नो मातृभाषा छोडीसकेको पाइन्छ । मलेरिया र जङ्गली जनावरको आतङ्कलाई झेलेका सन्थाल जातिले नेपालको माटोमा रगत बगाएका छन् । जङ्गला मुलुकलाई कृषियोग्य बनाए । खेती किसानी गरेर देशलाइ उर्वर बनाउन महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिएका छन्। सस्ता, भरपर्दा र इमान्दार मजदूरका रुपमा यिनको गणना हुन्छ । यिनीहरु स्वावलम्बी हुन्छन्, भिक्षा मागेर खादैनन्। आफ्नो जातिको अर्कालाई सहयोग गर्दा रमाउँछन् । विक्रमसम्बत् २० को दशकतिर सन्थाल अगुवाले सामाजिक र राजनीतिक क्षेत्रमा अतुलनीय योगदान दिएका छन् । प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलन होस् या जनजीविकाका क्षेत्रमा होस यी सन्थालले भरपर्दो काम गरेका छन्। तुरसा हेम्ब्रम, मंगल सोरेन जस्ता सन्थाली अगुवाका योगदान धेरै छन्। हालको अवस्थामा आफ्नो संस्कृति, भाषा, धर्मको जगेर्ना गर्न बुद्धिलाल सोरेन, भुजूलाल टुडु, मोहन टुडु, सुन्दर वेसरा, वडाराम हेमरम, फुलकुमारी हेमरम, शिवु मुर्मू लगायतका योगदान धेरै छन्। हालको अवस्थामा सेवा क्षेत्रमा समेत सन्थाली अगाडि आएका छन्। आफ्नो भाषा, लिपी, संस्कृति जगेर्ना गर्न यी व्यक्तिसँग अन्य धेरै व्यक्ति सन्थाली युवा–युवती अगाडि आएका छन् । राज्यले दुरगामी महत्व राख्ने विषयमा यिनीहरुको अस्तित्व जोगाइ दिने प्रकारका नीति ल्याउनु वाञ्छनीय हुन्छ ।

ऋतम्भरा महाकाव्यमा छन्दप्रयोग {Chandprayoga in the Ritambhara epic}

2024-03-04T05:59:48+00:00

प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा महाकवि मोहनप्रसाद भण्डारीद्वारा रचित ऋतम्भरा महाकाव्यमा प्रयोग गरिएका छन्दहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा कविको परिचय र महाकाव्यको विषयवस्तुमा समान्य प्रवेश गरी प्रयोग गरिएका छन्दहरूको बारेमा अध्ययन र चर्चा गरिएको छ । यस सन्दर्भमा छन्दशास्त्रको पृष्ठभूमि, ऋतम्भरा महाकाव्यमा प्रयोग गरिएका छन्द, तिनको लक्षण र यसै महाकाव्यबाट उदाहरणहरू दिँदै प्रयोग भएका छन्दहरूको गणना गर्दा यसमा मालिनी, तोटक, शालिनी, मल्लिका, मन्दाक्रन्ता, वसन्ततिलका, द्रुतविलम्वित, अनुष्टुप्, शिखरिणी, पञ्चचामर, स्रग्धरा, स्रग्विणी, भुजङ्गप्रयात, उपजाति, वियोगिनी, शार्दूृलविक्रीडित, वंशस्थ (वंशस्थ+इन्द्रवंशा), विजया, भुजङ्गसङ्गता, कामदा, शशिवदना, इन्द्रवंशा, चामर, रथोद्घता, संयुता, उपेन्द्रवज्रा, चम्पकमाला, स्वागता र अभिनवतामरसा गरी २९ वटा छन्द पाइएका छन् । यति धेरै छन्दहरूको सहज प्रयोगले छन्दप्रयोगका दृष्टिले ऋतम्भरा महाकाव्यले धेरै कुरामा समानता राख्तै खास गरेर छन्द–प्रयोगमा शाकुन्तलीय मार्ग र प्रविधि अँगालेको देखिन्छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । वि.सं. २०७३ सालमा प्रकाशित ऋतम्भरा महाकाव्य मूलरूपमा पूर्वीय चिन्तन, धर्मदर्शन, बौद्धिक चेतना, कलाचेतना आदिको अनुशीलनबाट नै मानवसमाज सुखी र सम्पन्न बन्न सक्छ भन्ने दार्शनिक चिन्तनमा आधारित देखिन्छ । यो महाकाव्य पूर्वीय र पाश्चात्य क्षेत्रलाई जोडेर विश्व भूगोल, जलसम्पदा र प्राकृतिक सम्पदालाई एकीकृत गरी नेपाली काव्यवाटिकामा सिर्जनाको नयाँ स्वरूप ल्याउने महाकाव्य पनि पाइन्छ । यसको सिर्जना आद्योपान्त छन्दोबद्ध कवितामा भएकाले छन्दविधानका दृष्टिले यो अनुशीलनयोग्य देखिन्छ । छन्दमा साङ्गीतिकता, श्रुतिमधुरता तथा वर्ण र मात्राको क्रमबद्ध श्रृङ्खला रहने हुँदा काव्यपरम्परकमा यसको विशिष्ट भूमिका रहिआएको छ । ऋतम्भरा महाकाव्यमा पनि छन्दकविताको निरन्तरता देखिएको हुँदा यसको छन्दप्रयोग हेर्नु यस लेखको मूल अभिप्राय रहेको छ । यसका लागि ऋतम्भरा नै प्राथमिक सामग्री रहेको छ । यस महाकाव्यका सन्दर्भमा आएका भूमिका, लेखकीय आदिलाई र छन्दको विवेचनासम्बन्धी पादटिप्पणीमा राखिएका सामग्रीलाई द्वितीयक सामग्रीमा लिइएको छ । विषको विश्लेषण गर्दा गणसूत्रका आधारमा महाकाव्यमा रहेका भिन्नभिन्न छन्दहरूको पहिचान गरी कुनै एक छन्दका लागि कुनै एक चतुष्पदी पद्य महाकाव्यबाटै लिएर विषयशीर्षकलाई वर्णनात्मक, व्याख्यात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको प्रयोग गरी अर्थापन विधिद्वारा यस लेखमा प्रयुक्त सारको निरूपण गरिएको छ ।

लौकिक संस्कृतमा भाषिक चिन्तनको परम्परा {Traditions of Linguistic Thought in Classical Sanskrit}

2024-03-04T06:29:38+00:00

मानव सभ्यताको विकाससँगै भाषाको विकास भएको थियो । भाषिक अध्ययनको पूर्वीय परम्परा संस्कृतबाट भएको पाइन्छ । पाश्चात्य जगत्मा पनि विभिन्न भाषाहरूसँग नजिक रहेर भाषिक चिन्तन गरिएको पाइन्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा लौकिक संस्कृत भाषिक चिन्तन सम्बन्धी के कस्ता काम भएका छन् र कति कार्य भएका छैनन् भनी खोज गर्नु नै समस्याको रूपमा लिइएको छ भने लौकिक संस्कृतको भाषिक चिन्तन परम्पराको विश्लेषण गर्नु, उक्त अध्ययनको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । यस अध्ययन गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचाम प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यस अनुसन्धानमा विभिन्न पुस्तक, ग्रन्थ, लेख आदिलाई अध्ययनमा सूचना सङ्कलनको आधार बनाइएको छ । यस अनुसन्धानमा सूचनाहरू पूर्ण रुपमा द्वितीय स्रोतबाट लिइएको छ । प्राप्त सूचनालाई व्याख्या तथा विश्लेषणात्मक ढंगबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । पाणिनि युग र उत्तर पाणिनि युगमा विकसित भएका भाषिक चिन्तनको प्रभाव प्राकृत भाषामा समेत परेको देखिन्छ । पूर्वमा संस्कृत भाषा तथा पश्चिममा ल्याटिन, ग्रीक जस्ता भाषामा गरिएको भाषिक चिन्तनले आधुनिक भाषा विज्ञान र व्याकरणको क्षेत्रमा फराकिलो दायरा बनाएको पाइन्छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।