Geodemography: Geospatial Stream of Demographic Analysis

Abstract

Geo-demography, an emergent subfield at the intersection of geography and demography, integrates spatial
technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial statistics to enhance
the understanding of population dynamics within their spatial and socio-environmental contexts. This
comprehensive review critically examines the theoretical foundations, methodological innovations, analytical
techniques, and diverse applications of geo-demography in urban planning, public health, market segmentation,
and disaster management, with a regional focus on South Asia. Employing a qualitative meta-synthesis
approach and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the study synthesizes 30 key scholarly works selected from
global academic databases. It highlights how geo-demography contributes to spatially informed and equitable
decision-making by revealing patterns in migration, urbanization, health disparities, and service accessibility.
However, the review also identifies critical gaps, including inconsistent data quality, lack of methodological
standardization, limited application in rural and low-income settings, and ethical concerns related to privacy and
surveillance. It underscores the need for participatory approaches, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the
integration of critical geographic perspectives to address spatial inequalities and demographic vulnerabilities.
Looking ahead, the review advocates for the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI), real-time data, and
ethical data governance to expand the scope and impact of geo-demography in the Global South. Ultimately, the
study positions geo-demography as a vital tool for sustainable development, digital governance, and inclusive
policy-making in an increasingly spatially complex world.