Journal of Bhuwanishankar
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs
<p>The <em>Journal of Bhuwanishankar</em> (<em>JoBS</em>) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary research journal published by the Research Management Cell (RMC), Bhuwanishankar Multiple College, Khairahani, Chitwan, Nepal. <em>JoBS</em> is devoted to publishing high-quality research papers using multidisciplinary approaches with a strong emphasis on emerging issues in business, economics, education, management, finance, administration, language, literature, and social issues.</p>Bhuwanishankar Multiple Collegeen-USJournal of Bhuwanishankar2961-1938<p>This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.</p>Community College Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of ICT Integrated Teaching
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49490
<p>In the present pedagogical context of higher education in Nepal, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration in classroom pedagogy has become an evolving phenomenon. The community college teachers of Chitwan district are gradually shifting to technology-enhanced classroom pedagogy from the conventional mode of instruction for better teaching and learning outcomes. Although the stakeholders have emphasized ICT integrated pedagogy, teachers have experienced several barriers to its effective integration in the regular classroom activities. In this context, the present study examined community college teachers' perceptions and practices of integrating ICT in the community colleges in Chitwan, the perceived barriers to its effective integration, and ways of overcoming such barriers. The study was carried out employing a quantitative research approach and survey design. The researcher used the Convenience Sampling Method to purposively collect responses from forty teachers from nine community colleges teaching at bachelor’s and master’s levels. The data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed using percentage and frequency distribution statistical tools. The analysis of responses revealed that the status of ICT integration in the classroom did not seem satisfactory, although the teachers had positive perceptions of technology-supported teaching. The perceived major barriers were lack of enough ICT-friendly infrastructures and resources, insufficient ICT-based professional development opportunities, and the lack of students’ digital literacy. The findings of the research imply that community colleges and faculties need more ICT-based teacher development programs, well-equipped ICT infrastructure, budgetary support, increased digital competence and accessibility of students, and an inculcation of ICT-based pedagogical culture to enhance its effectiveness for better teaching-learning outcomes.</p>Min Prasad Dawadi
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-121112210.3126/jobs.v1i1.49490Ownership Structure, Deregulation and Bank Risk in Nepalese Commercial Banks
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49492
<p>This study aims to examine the relationship between ownership structure, deregulation, and bank risk in Nepalese commercial banks. In the study, the non-performing loan has been considered as a response variable and ownership structure, bank size, bank age, and bank regulation have been taken as independent variables. The study is based on the secondary data of 20 commercial banks with 140 observations for the period from 2012 to 2018, employing descriptive and inferential statistical tools for the analysis. The correlation analysis reveals the significant and positive relationship of age with risk, which indicates that the bank's risk increases as the bank gets older. The study also signifies that the non-performing loans can be decreased with the implementation of capital regulation imposed by the regulatory body. The regression analysis depicts the negative and significant impact of bank size on bank risk when regressed together with the bank age. The mean value of non-performing loan for foreign-owned banks and private-owned banks is lower in comparison to that of government-owned banks. Similarly, the mean value of the non-performing loan for the deregulated period is higher in comparison to that of banks during the regulated period. The results provide interesting insights into the ownership structure and bank regulation in connection with bank risk. Hence this paper attempted to fill the gap in the existing literature in the context of Nepal. The study also elucidates that the banking business is not free from risk, and hence it has to consider a substantial number of factors while managing the risk.</p>Subal SadaulaJanga Bahadur Hamal
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-1211233510.3126/jobs.v1i1.49492Traumatic Racial Encounters in Toni Morrison's God Help the Child
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49493
<p>This study examines the cultural trauma of characters with a cultural embodiment of race in the sophisticated but claustrophobic contemporary American society. Morrison's <em>God Help the Child</em> (2015) projects pain and trauma that live under the colored skin as a part of the author's and her character Bride's immense suppression of desire as a triggering force to past memories. Further, this research explores how traces of slavery in the past reconstitute trauma and how the interplay between dominant and residual cultures shapes the trauma of the African Americans. Morrison reveals the inter-racial and intra-racial conflicts in new generations of Americans by presenting the traumatic mind of her protagonist Bride who reconfigures traumatic history through critical acting out and working through trauma. Eventually, she succeeds in recovering and turning her grief into strength. The way through which such trauma is coped with is a researchable issue. It unfolds an individual's consciousness of racism and its influence on the individual psyche as a part of cultural trauma. Further, it unveils the inter-racial and intra-racial consciousness among the African Americans as they develop some guilt complexes within themselves due to their double consciousness and ambiguity contrary to social values. This is an internal conflict experienced by them in an oppressive society.</p>Arjun Nath
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-1211365310.3126/jobs.v1i1.49493Investors’ Perception towards IPO in Khairahani Municipality, Chitwan
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49494
<p>The most important aspect of a company is its Initial Public Offering (IPO). The company’s performance, the sector’s performance, promoters’ background, pricing mechanism, allotment procedures, the legal policy of SEBON, and market information are factors affecting IPO investment. In this context, this study attempted to explore the investors’ perception towards allocating 10 units of IPO and Book Building System as well as to examine the factors that affect the investors’ perception of IPO investment. The researcher employed the descriptive exploratory research design to reach the ontology of the issue. The study included 110 samples from Khairahani Municipality, Chitwan, who were selected purposively through a convenience sampling procedure. Face-to-face interviews and a self-administrative questionnaire were used to collect information from the respondents who had been applying for at least 10 units of IPO. The findings revealed that the company’s performance and the sector’s performance were the major factors that influenced investors' perception. The majority of investors selected the microfinance industry because it provided a satisfactory return to them. A majority of the investors would like to hold stocks allotted in the IPO for a longer period of more than one year. Investors had a positive perception towards allocating 10 units of the IPO. However, they remained neutral in the case of their interest in the Book Building System. The Securities Board of Nepal (SEBON)’s awareness program before introducing the Book Building Pricing Method can be effective to develop people’s interest in Book Building System.</p>Bijaya Kandel
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-1211546810.3126/jobs.v1i1.49494Effectiveness of Instruction with Manipulative Materials on Fourth Graders’ Geometry Learning Achievement
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49495
<p>The concepts of geometrical figures, shape, and size are essential for learning their features, relations, and proofs. In the geometry classroom, a good teacher is expected to use the objects related to geometrical shapes for the real concept and knowledge of the figures, and to improve the learning achievement of young learners. In this context, this study aimed to compare the learning achievements obtained from using and without using manipulative materials in teaching geometry, especially in grade four, and identify students' general attitudes and feelings towards the instruction with the demonstration of the concrete objects. For this purpose, the researcher employed the Basic Experimental and Post-test Only Control Group Design to form two groups, the Experimental Group and the Control Group, having a similar level of prior knowledge and competence in geometry. Each group consisted of 13 students studying in grade four at Kapiya Secondary School, Khairahani, Chitwan, Nepal. The same achievement test was conducted for both groups after a month's intervention. The t-test was used to draw the significant deviation between the achievements. The result showed that the mean achievement of the learners who were instructed through manipulative objects was better than the achievement of the learners instructed without using them. After the test, some students from the Experimental Group were chosen for the interview to uncover their perceptions before and after the intervention. It revealed that students enjoyed the class based on learning with the manipulation of concrete objects. The study guides the mathematics teachers teaching junior classes to involve the students in the manipulation of different types of materials in geometry activities for the real concept of geometry and enhancement of learning achievement.</p>Raj Kumar GurungDipendra Kumar Chaudhary
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-1211698410.3126/jobs.v1i1.49495q-Analogue of Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities for s-Convex Functions in the Breckner Sense
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49497
<p>Hermite and Hadamard independently introduced the Herimite-Hadamard inequality for convex functions for the first time. In recent years, a variety of extensions have been made with the use of convex functions by several researchers. In this paper, we have given a variant of the Hermite-Hadamard integral inequality for the s-convex function in the Breckner sense.</p>Suresh BhattaChet Raj Bhatta
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-1211859010.3126/jobs.v1i1.49497Attitudes of Secondary Level Teachers towards EMI in English Medium Schools of Mahendranagar
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49498
<p>English Medium Instruction (EMI) is a growing phenomenon in Nepalese private school education. Learning engagement through EMI in different subjects is believed to be effective for developing learners’ communicative competence and comprehension skills. However, The English proficiency of the teachers, and their positive attitude towards English language and the use of judicious classroom language policy are considered crucial for the effective output of EMI without affecting the learners’ mother tongue. In this context, this study aimed to present the attitudes of secondary-level teachers towards English Medium of Instructions (EMI). It further attempted to find out the effects and challenges of EMI in the context of English medium schools in Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed to extract the lived experiences of the participants with EMI. The researcher adopted a non-random convenience sampling method to collect information from two secondary-level teachers teaching Mathematics and Science at private English-medium schools in Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the lived experiences of the participants with EMI. The findings of this study revealed that teachers were positive towards EMI although they encountered challenges to its effective implementation. The results imply that EMI helps teachers in their profession, as competent English-Medium instructors are well paid and offered better career opportunities. Similarly, it creates a platform for the learners to develop communicative competence in English and meet their career goals. Despite these plus sides, EMI can pose a threat to our national or local languages if it is used exclusively without appropriate and judicious language policy.</p>Jay Raj Ojha
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-12119110210.3126/jobs.v1i1.49498नेपाली धातुमा संस्कृत धातुको प्रभाव {Influence of Sanskrit dhatu on Nepali dhatu}
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49901
<p>प्रस्तुत लेखमा नेपाली धातुरचनाको संस्कृतस्रोत (तत्सम एवम् तद्भव) बाट नेपाली भाषामा कति धातु प्रयोग हुन आएकारहेछन् ? यस्ता धातुहरू केके रहेछन् भन्ने विषयलाई उठान गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा मुख्यतः नेपाली धातु रचनामा संस्कृतधातुहरूको प्रभाव, संस्कृत र नेपाली धातुमा रहेका समानता तथा असमानतालाई उपस्थापन गरी तिनीहरूबारे विश्लेषण गरेर निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । यहाँ विषय विश्लेषणको आधार संस्कृतको ‘पाणिनीय धातुपाठ’लाई र नेपालीको चाहिं परम्परागत नेपाली व्याकरणबाट निर्धारित धातुस्वरूप (नु लगाउन मिल्ने धातु) लाई बनाइएको छ । यहाँ यिनै आधारभूमिमा टेकेर तुलनात्मक एवम् वर्णनात्मक विधि–पद्धतिबाट विषय विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । धातुमा विभिन्न प्रत्यय गाँसिएर बन्ने क्रियापदले विभिन्न काल र पक्ष, भाव, वाच्य, ध्रु्रवत्व आदिलाई बताउँछ तसर्थ क्रियाबाट बोध्य अर्थको मूलआधार धातु हो । धातुको यही मूल अर्थमा कालबोधक प्रत्यय थपिँदा कालबोधक क्रिया र भावबोधक प्रत्यय थपिँदा चाहिँ भावबोधक क्रिया बन्दछन् । यसरी नै अन्य क्रियाको संरचना पनि तयार हुन्छ । अतःक्रियाले दिने अर्थ– काल र यसका पक्ष, भाव, वाच्य, ध्रुवत्व आदि मात्रै हुन् । प्रत्ययसँग मिसिनु पूर्वको धातुले निर्धारित अर्थलाई धारण एवम् परिपोषण गर्ने भएकाले धातुको धारण र पोषण अर्थ (धीयतेऽर्थः यस्मिन् स धातुः) सार्थक छ । नेपालीमा प्रयोगरत तत्सम धातुहरूमा खासै समस्या नभए पनि तद्भव धातुहरूमा भने धेरै ठाउँमा संशय देखिन्छ । आंशिक परिवर्तन भएर नेपाली धातु बन्ने क्रममा कतै एउटै संस्कृत धातुबाट अनेकौं तद्भव धातु निर्माण भएको दाबी गरिएको, कतै एउटै संस्कृत धातुबाट एउटामात्र नेपाली धातु बनेको भनिएको, कतै नेपाली धातुको स्वरूपसंग मिल्न खोजेका आधारमा पनि यसको संस्कृत स्रोत यही हो भनेर किट्ने गरिएको लगायतका समानता र निकटता सम्बन्धी विविधता समस्या देखिएका छन् । उदाहरणका रूपमा छाद्, दि, उघार्, दाउ, घुसार्, मिलाउ, चुन्, काट् आदिलाई लिन सकिन्छ । यस्ता धातुमध्ये कतिपयको संस्कृतस्रोत अनुसन्धेय, शङ्कास्पद र विवादित मानिएको छ र पनि यिनीहरूलाई बहुसङ्ख्यकद्वारा तद्भव धातु मान्ने गरिएको छ । नेपालीमा प्रयोग भइरहेका तेस्रो वर्गका धातुहरू अनुकरणमूलका छन्, खनखनाउ, गडगडाउ, थरथराउ, टकटकाउ आदि यसका उदाहरण हुन् । चौथो वर्गका धातु कति आगन्तुक र कति चाहिँ स्रोत पत्ता नलागेका छन्, यिनीहरू मध्येका स्रोत नखुलेका कतिपय धातु प्राकृत र अपभ्रंश स्रोतका हुन् भनी अनुमान गरिएको छ । अटाउ, छाड्, टिक्, ठोक्, ठेल् आदि धातु कुन भाषिक स्रोतबाट आएका हुन् भन्नेबारे अहिलेसम्म पनि स्पष्ट हुन सकेको छैन । घुराउ, लड्खडाउ, गम् (विचार गर्नु, गम्नु अर्थ भएको) जस्ता धातु चाहिं नेपालीमा हिन्दी लगायतका आगन्तुक स्रोतबाट आएका हुन् । यस्ता चार स्रोत (कतै पाँच स्रोतको पनि चर्चा पाइने) का धातुहरूको निर्मितिमा बनेका नेपाली समापिका क्रियाहरूको कुल सङ्ख्या करिब १७ लाख छ भनी अनुसन्धाता लोकमणि पौडेलले क्रियापद (२०७६) नाउँको पुस्तकमा उल्लेख गरेका छन् । नेपाली धातुका स्वरूपमात्र नभएर अर्थ पनि संस्कृत धातुसँग दुरुस्त मिल्ने उदाहरण नेपाली परम्परामा प्रशस्त पाइन्छन् । संस्कृतबाट प्राकृत र अपभ्रंश हुँदै नेपालीमा आइपुग्दा कतिपय धातुका अर्थमा अंशतः परिवर्तन भएका पनि देखिन्छन्, यसरी अर्थादेश, अर्थविस्तार, अर्थसङ्कोच, अर्थोत्कर्षर अर्थापकर्ष भएका नेपाली धातुहरू भाषा तथा वाङ्मयमा धेरै नै प्रयोग अवस्थामा छन् । तसर्थ नेपाली धातुरचनामा संस्कृत धातुहरूको प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव देख्न सकिन्छ ।</p>भवानीशङ्कर Bhawanishankar भट्टराई Bhattarai
Copyright (c) 2022
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-121110311610.3126/jobs.v1i1.49901‘ऊहापोह’ कथासङ्ग्रहका कथामा साइबरचेतना {Cyber consciousness in the story of 'Oohapoh' story collection}
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49903
<p>प्रस्तुत शोधलेख कथाकार लक्ष्मणप्रसाद गौतमको ‘ऊहापोह’ कथासङ्ग्रहका कथामा अभिव्यञ्जित साइबर चेतनामूलक विषयमा आधारित रहेको छ । यस आलेखमा साइबर सिद्धान्तलाई विश्लेषणको मूल आधार बनाइएको छ । उक्त्त कथासङ्ग्रहका कथामा साइबरचेतना के कस्तो रूपमा आएको छ र साइबर चेतनाको प्रयोग कसरी भएको छ भन्ने कुरालाई साइबर समालोचनालाई ज्ञानमीमांसाका रूपमा मानी कथामा अभिव्यञ्जित साइबरचेतनालाई तत्त्वमीमांसार त्यसका सम्प्राप्तिलाई मूल्यमीमांसाका रूपमा आधार बनाई तथ्य र सूचकहरूबाट पुष्टि गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा ऊहापोह कथासङ्ग्रहका कथामा साइबरचेतना प्रेमको अभिव्यक्तिका रूपमा, आत्मिक असन्तुष्टिका रूपमा र प्रविधिपरक विषयका रूपमा आएको कुरालाई प्रस्तुत गरी तिनलाई साक्ष्यहरूबाट पुष्टि गरिएको छ । अध्ययनका क्रममा पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट साबर समालोचनाको सैद्धान्तिक पक्षमा लेखिएका पुस्तक, शोधलेख आदि आवश्यक सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी निगमनात्मक, वर्णनात्मक, व्याख्यात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको आवश्यकताअनुरूप उपयोगगरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । कथामा अभिव्यञ्जित साइबरचेतनाले आजको इन्टरनेट संस्कृति र कम्प्युटर प्रविधिकासाथै विज्ञानप्रविधिको व्याप्तिलाई पनि देखाएको छ । कथामा विज्ञानप्रविधि र साइबरचेतना अन्तर्विषय भएर आएको कुरा पनि देखाइएको छ । यसरी समग्र विश्लेषणबाट साइबरचेतनाका दृष्टिले यस सङ्ग्रहका कथा उल्लेखनीय भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।</p>दीपकप्रसाद Deepakprasad गौतम Gautam
Copyright (c) 2022
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-121111712710.3126/jobs.v1i1.49903समाख्यानात्मक चलचित्रीकरणको सैद्धान्तिक स्वरूप {Theoretical aspects of narrative filmmaking}
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49904
<p>प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धान लेख समाख्यान (पाठ) लाई चलचित्रको दृश्यभाषामा रूपान्तर गरिने सैद्धान्तिक पद्धतिमा आधारित छ । समाख्यान (आख्यान) मा कथावाचन गर्न आएको वक्ता समाख्याता हो भने त्यस समाख्याताको स्थानमा क्यामराको लेन्सलाई केन्द्रित गरेर दृश्यमा छायाङ्कन गर्ने पद्धति समाख्यानको चलचित्रीकरण हो । प्रस्तुत लेखको शीर्षक सोद्देश्यमूलक रूपले चयन गरिएको हो । समाख्यानलाई चलचित्रमा रूपान्तर गर्न प्रयोग गरिने पद्धतिसम्बद्ध सामग्रीलाई यस लेखमा मुख्य सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार बनाइएको छ । समाख्यानलाई चलचित्रमा रूपान्तर गर्दा प्रयोग गरिएका प्राविधिक पक्ष र त्यसका सैद्धान्तिक सामग्री तथा तिनका बिचको तुलना एवं प्रतितुलना गरेर विश्लेषण प्रारूप तयार गरिएको छ । त्यसैले यस अनुसन्धान लेखमा निगमनात्मक तथा आगमनात्मक विधिको संयोजित प्रारूप प्रयोग गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा सामग्रीको स्रोत पुस्तकालय हो । समाख्यानशास्त्र र चलचित्र सिद्धान्त सम्बद्ध सामग्री प्राथमिक रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएका छन् भने अन्य आख्यानमा आधारित पाठ एवं तिनमा केन्द्रित श्रव्यदृश्य सामग्री द्वितीयक रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएका छन् । समाख्यान (आख्यानयुक्त पाठ) लाई चलचित्रको दृश्यभाषामा रूपान्तर गर्दा मुख्यतः सांस्कृतिक दृश्यगत आधार (पाठबाट प्राप्त हु्ने अमूर्त विश्वास तथा पाठीय सन्दर्भमा त्यसको स्वाभाविकता), कथानकको भौगोलिक दृश्यगत (पाठले सन्दर्भित गरेका भौतिक वस्तु तथा द्रवयान्त्रिकी) आधार, पाठको आन्तरिक सन्दर्भ (पाठमा आएका सन्दर्भको पारस्परिक सम्बन्ध) को नक्साङ्कन तथा बाह्य पाठीय नक्साङ्कन (अलौकिक र अदृश्यमान सन्दर्भको काल्पनिकबिम्ब) लाई प्रयोजन र ललितको समन्वय गरेर तयार गरिन्छ । पाठीय सन्दर्भको संज्ञानलाई भर्चुअल बनाउने प्रक्रियाको अन्तरविधात्मक प्रारूप यस लेखमा तयार भएको छ ।</p>दीपकप्रसाद Deepakprasad ढकाल Dhakal
Copyright (c) 2022
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-121112813710.3126/jobs.v1i1.49904दनुवारी र नेपाली भाषाका शब्दवर्गको तुलना {Comparison of word classes of Danuwari and Nepali languages}
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/50084
<p>प्रस्तुत आलेख दनुवारी र नेपाली भाषाका शब्दवर्गको तुलना गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको छ । तुलनात्मक अध्ययनका लागि नवीन तथा स्पष्ट सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारको अभावमा मूलत: विद्वान्हरूका परम्परित नेपाली व्याकरणानुसार शब्दले गर्ने कार्यका आधारमा उक्त दुई भाषाका शब्दवर्गलाई तालिकीकरणका माध्यमबाट आलेखन गरिएको छ । पदवर्गभित्रका नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, अव्यय, निपात र क्रियावर्ग र यसका भेदोपभेदको पनि तुलना गरिएको छ । यसका साथै क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन गरी प्राप्त प्राथमिक सामग्रीहरूलाई वर्गीकरण गर्न र अन्य आवश्यक ज्ञानका लागि पुस्तकालयीय विधिको प्रयोग पनि गरिएको छ । यस आलेखको प्राविधिक कार्यलाई पूर्णता प्रदान गर्न एपिए सातौँ संस्करणका प्रावधानलाई यथाशक्य उपयोग गरिएको छ । नेपाल विभिन्न जातजातिको सङ्गमस्थल हो । नेपालका प्रमाणित भाषा १२३ छन् भने भाषा –आयोगले नयाँ आठ वटा भाषाहरूको सूची प्रकाशित गरेको छ । दुवैलाई जोड्दा नेपालमा १३१ भाषा अस्तित्वमा छन् । यीमध्ये दनुवार जाति र यसको भाषा पनि एक राष्ट्रिय भाषा हो । दनुवारी भाषी नेपालका सातै प्रदेशमा छरिएर बसेका भए पनि यिनको मुख्य उद्गम स्थल र अधिक सङ्ख्यामा बसोबास चाहिँ वाग्मती प्रदेशमा नै भएको तथ्याङ्क प्राप्तछ । दनुवारी र नेपाली यी दुई भाषाका शब्दवर्गको तुलना गर्न सैद्धान्तिक आधारको आवश्यक पर्छ तर भाषाको तुलना गर्ने ठोस प्रकारको सैद्धान्तिक आधारको अभाव भएको हुँदा मूलतः परम्परित व्याकरण र आंशिक रूपमा तालिकीकरणका माध्यमबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । परम्परागत व्याकरणको शब्दवर्गको सैद्धान्तिक आधारमा दनुवारी र नेपाली भाषाका शब्दवर्गलाई तुलना गरिएको छ । दनुवारी भाषाका नाम वर्ग र विभिन्न उपवर्गमा अन्य भाषाको बढी मात्रामा प्रभाव परेको छ तथापि यो भाषा शब्दभण्डारका दृष्टिले निकै सबल छ । नातागोता, शरीरका विभिन्न अङ्ग, लुगाफाटा गरगहना,रोग, कृषिसँग सम्बन्धित शब्दहरू, नेपाली भाषासँग सम्बन्धित शब्दहरू, बोटविरुवा, कीटपतङ्ग, घरेलु सामग्री,पशुपंक्षी रखानेकुरा आदिका नाम शब्द सबै प्रकारका शब्दहरू प्रशस्त मात्रामा रहेको पाइएको छ । उक्त किसिमका शब्दहरू नेपाली निकटवर्ती भाषासँग पूर्ण भिन्नता, आंशिक समानता र पूर्ण समानता तिनै किसिमका समानता भएको कुराको निरूपण गरिएको छ । दनुवारी भाषा पनि नेपाली भाषाको तीव्र प्रभावमा रहेको स्थिति छ । नयाँ पुस्ताले लिइरहेको आधुनिक शिक्षा, बसाइँ सराइ, सञ्चार माध्यम मातृभाषाको प्रयोगमा कमी आदि कारणले यो भाषाले मूलत: नेपाली भाषाकै प्रभाव र स्वभाषेतर प्रयोगका कारणले आफ्नो मौलिकपन दिनानुदिन गुमाइरहेको छ ।</p>पदमप्रसाद Padam Prasad अर्याल Aryal
Copyright (c) 2022
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-121113815210.3126/jobs.v1i1.50084सानु शर्माको ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथामा द्विचरविरोध {Dualism in Sanu Sharma's story 'Bakainako Bot'}
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/50088
<p>नेपाली साहित्यमा समकालीन समयकी कथाकार सानु शर्मा उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी प्रवृत्तिका कथाहरू रचना गर्ने कथाकार हुन् । उनले एकादेशमा कथासङ्ग्रहमा जम्मा २१ वटा कथाहरू सङ्कलन गरेकी छन् । उनका विभिन्न चर्चितकथाहरू मध्येको एउटा कथा ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ हो । यस कथामा उनले त्यहाँ उपस्थित मुख्यपात्र उज्वलको अतीतको कथावस्तु प्रस्तुत गरेकी छन् । बकाइनाको बोटलाई प्रतिबिम्बित गरी रचिएको उक्त कथामा उज्वल उक्त बकाइनाको बोटको प्रतीक हो, किनभने बकाइनाको बोटको फेदमा फेला पारेको उसलाई कर्म दिने आमाले आफूले जन्माएकाछोराहरू भन्दा पनि बढी माया गरेको देखिन्छ । पछिल्लो समयमा पाठकले अत्यन्तै रुचाएकी आख्यानकार सानु शर्माले लेखेको यो कथा लगायत अन्य विभिन्न कथाहरू उत्तिकै महत्त्वपूर्ण मानिन्छन् । ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथामा द्विचर विरोध शीर्षकमा तयार गरिएको यो लेख उनको ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथामा देखिएका द्विचरविरोधहरू पत्ता लगाई तिनीहरूलाई कसरी अस्वीकार गरिएको छ भन्ने कुराको खोजी गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको छ । कथाको सुरुदेखि अन्तसम्म देखिएका द्विचर विरोधहरूको बारेमा जानकारी लिई तिनीहरूको उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी मान्यताका आधारमा व्याख्या विश्लेषण गर्नुमा यो लेख सीमित रहेको छ । उक्त लेख तयार गर्नका लागि गुणात्मक विधिअन्तर्गत पर्ने पुस्तकालयीय कार्य गरिएको छ । उक्त लेख तयार गर्नका लागि सानु शर्माको ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथालाई प्राथमिक स्रोतका रूपमा लिइएको छ भने अन्य त्यससँग सम्बन्धित सामग्रीहरूलाई द्वितीय स्रोतका रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस लेखमा ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथामा देखिएका द्विचर विरोधहरूको बारेमा खोजी गर्नुका साथै समाजमा देखिएका त्यस्ता द्विचर विरोधहरूको के कसरी अस्वीकार गरिएको छ भन्ने कुरालाई देखाउन खोजिएको छ । समग्रमा यस अध्ययनबाट ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथामा देखिएका द्विचर विरोधहरूको खोजी गरी त्यसप्रतिको अस्वीकारका बारेमा विभिन्न साक्ष्यहरूका माध्यमबाट खोजी गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । समाजमा यस्ता किसिमका द्विचर विरोधहरू देखिने गरेको र केही व्यक्तिहरूले त्यस्ता विरोधप्रति असहमति जनाएको कुरालाई यस ‘बकाइनाको बोट’ कथाका माध्यमबाट यस अध्ययनले देखाउन खोजेको छ ।</p>मनीषा Manisha उपाध्याय Upadhyaya
Copyright (c) 2022
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-121115316610.3126/jobs.v1i1.50088Editorial Vol.1(1)
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jobs/article/view/49489
<p>No abstract available.</p>Cheta Raj Regmi
Copyright (c) 2022 RMC, Bhuwanishankar Multiple College
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
2022-12-122022-12-1211