Kaladarpan कलादर्पण

शम्भुप्रसाद ढुङ्ग्यालको ‘राधिके !’ गजलको अध्ययन {A Study of the Gajal 'Radhike!' by Shambhu Prasad Dhungyal}

2022-12-28T09:11:34+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेख गजलका सैद्धान्तिक मान्यता र गजलकार शम्भुप्रसाद ढुङ्ग्यालका गजल लेखनका प्रवृत्तिहरू उल्लेख गर्दै उनको ‘राधिके !’ नामक गजलको विश्लेषण गरेर लेखिएको छ । ढुङ्ग्याल नेपाली साहित्यको माध्यमिक कालका मोतीराम भट्टपछिका तर सर्वश्रेष्ठ गजलकार हुन् । उनले शृङ्गारिक, आध्यात्मिक, नैतिक रऔपदेशिक, देशभक्ति तथा भगवद्भक्ति आदि विषयका गजल लेखेका छन् । ‘राधिके !’ मा पनि शृङ्गारिक रभगवद्भक्तिजस्ता दुई विषय वा प्रवृत्ति प्रस्तुत छन् । यसमा नायकसँग रिसाएर ऊ सँग अलग्गिन र प्रतिशोध लिन तत्पर नायिकासँगको वियोगबाट उत्पन्न पीडालाई मार्मिक रूपमा प्रकट गरिएको छ र शम्भुको भजनकीर्तन छाडी राधिकाका शरणमा/प्रेममा आएका भक्त वा कृष्णलाई पनि राधिकाले खुसीसाथ दर्शन दिई दुःखकष्ट हरणन गरिदिँदा भगवद्भक्तिप्रति आएको नैराश्य भाव पनि प्रकट भएको छ । यसरी प्रस्तुत गजल भक्तिभावभित्र शृङ्गारभावपनि प्रकट गरिएको र विप्रलम्भ शृङ्गारलाई परिपाकमा पुर्याइएको द्वयार्थक गजल हो ।

{This article is an analysis of 'Radhike !' on the basis of the principles of Gajal writing and Shambhu Prasad Dhyungyal's attitudes on his Gajal writing. Dhuyngyal is regarded as the best Gajal writer after Motiram Bhatta of Middle age/period of Nepali literature. He has written Gajal on various subjects such as erogenous, spiritual, moral, instructional, patriotic, divine and so on. 'Radhike !' is full of erogenous and divine subject matter. The Gajal is the portrayal of the agony of the hero who is being separated and taken revenge by the heroine. It is also the despondency as Radhika did not reveal to Krishna when he ran away from Shambhu to Radhika for his protection and happiness.}

समकालीन साहित्यमा नेपाली लघुकथाको प्रभाव {Influence of Nepali Short Stories in Contemporary Literature}

2022-12-29T06:58:34+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेखमा नेपाली साहित्यमा पछिल्लो चरणमा अत्यन्त लोकप्रिय रूपमा विकसित भइरहेको आख्यान साहित्यको एक लघुतम उपविधा लघुकथाको परिचयात्मक स्वरूपलाई सटिक सर्वेक्षण गरिएको छ । यसको साथै आख्यानका भेदहरूको तुलनात्मक सम्बन्धान्तरको चर्चा एवम् लघुकथाका विशेषताले पनि स्थान ओगटेको छ । लघुकथाको परिचय, आख्यानको विधागत सम्बन्ध र विशेषताकै सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारमा नेपाली भाषाको समकालीन साहित्यमा नेपाली लघुकथाको प्रभाव, महत्त्व र थप सुधारका कार्यको सङ्केतलाई समेत सटिक रूपमा दर्साउने प्रयत्न गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा लेख्य विषयवस्तुलाई गुणात्मक विधिबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ भने पुस्तकालय कार्यअन्तर्गत रही द्वितीयक अध्ययन सामग्रीहरू प्रयोग गरिएका छन् ।

{The article presented has developed a very popular form in the last phase of Nepali literature; the narrative of the story is a scientific survey of literature as an introductory form of short stories. With this, the difference of the narrative is that the comparative relationship is discussed and the specialty of the short story. Efforts have been made to introduce short stories, legislative relations to narratives and theoretical aspects of the theoretical basis of the specialty, including the impact of Nepali short stories in contemporary literature, the importance and the work of improving the story.}

मधेश विद्रोह र सामाजिक आयाम {Madhes Rebellion and Social Movement}

2022-12-29T07:08:32+00:00

वि.सं. २०६३ साल माघ १ गते अन्तरिम संविधान जारी भएको भोलीपल्टदेखि मधेश आन्दोलित भयो । सङ्घीय शासन प्रणाली र जनसङ्ख्याको अनुपातमा समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्वको व्यवस्थाको माग र विभेद,वहिष्करण र भेदभावको विरुद्धमा मधेशमा आन्दोलित थियो । मधेश आन्दोलनको केन्द्रमा राजनीतिक बहिष्करण प्रमुखकारण त रहेको थियो तर यसका साथै आन्दोलनका केहि सामाजिक कारणहरु समेत रहेका थिए । विभेद, उत्पिडन,भाषा, रोजगारीका अवसरहरुमा रहेको विभेद, मधेशी प्रति पहाडीया सामाजिक दृष्टिकोण, मधेशको इतिहास माथिकोअबमूल्यन र वहिष्करण लगायतका सामाजिक कारणहरु मधेश आन्दोलन पछाडीका कारणहरु थिए । तसर्थ, यस लेखले मधेश आन्दोलनका सामाजिक कारणहरुको खोजी गर्ने प्रयास गरेको छ ।

‘शहरबिनाको शहर’ कविताकृतिमा पर्यावरणीय चेतना {Eco Consciousness in the Poetry ‘‘The City without a City’’}

2022-12-29T08:45:33+00:00

दामोदर पुडासैनी ‘किशोर’ सामाजिक जनजीवनको भोगाइका साथै सीमान्त जनजीवनको सरोकारको विषयलाई कविताका माध्यमबाट प्रस्तुत गरी सामाजिक चेतना जागृतिको प्रयत्नमा रहेका कवि हुन् । शहरविनाको शहर कविता कृतिमा उनले नेपालको तराई इलाकाका जनताले बाँचेको सामाजिक सन्दर्भ उठान गरी त्यस इलाकाले भोग्नु परेको पीडा र त्यस इलाकामा बढ्दै गएको विकृति समेतलाई चित्रण गरेका छन् । अन्य सामाजिक विषयको उठानका सिलसिलामा पर्यावरणीय प्रदूषणलाई पनि कविताको विषयमा मिसाई उनले पर्यावरणीय चेतनाका अभावमा नेपालको तराई इलाका विशाक्त हावा र पानी ग्रहण गर्न बाध्य बनेको यथार्थमाथि प्रतिरोधी प्रतिक्रिया दिएका छन् । स्वार्थको मात्रा थपिँदै जाँदा मानवीय आचरण क्रमशः खिइँदै जान थालेको सन्दर्भ पेस गरी उनले राज्यको दायित्व सबल बन्न नसक्दा पर्यावरणीय चेतना र नैतिकता मानवीय स्वार्थमा साटिने अवस्था सिर्जना भएको दाबी गरेका छन् । पूँजीवादी अर्थसंस्कृतिको विस्तार पर्यावरण दोहनको प्रमुख कारण भएको कविको ठम्याइछ । पर्यावरणीय समालोचनाको सैद्धान्तिक धरातलमा रहेर यहाँ उनको शहरविनाको शहर कविताकृतिमा चित्रित नेपालको तराई इलाकाको जनजीवन र त्यस जनजीवनमा निर्मित विषालु सङ्कथन अवलोकन गरिएको छ । पर्यावरणीय नैतिक आचरणका अभावमा पर्यावरण संरक्षणको हाम्रो सन्दर्भ अन्योलग्रस्त बन्न पुगेको छ, त्यसैले त्यतातिरको सामाजिक सचेतनाको जागृति नै आजको आवश्यकता हो भन्ने निचोडमा प्रस्तुत अध्ययन पुगेको छ ।

{Damodar Pudasaini 'Kishore' is a poet who is trying to awaken social consciousness by presenting the issues of social life as well as the concerns of marginal people through poetry. In the poetry the City without a City, he has taken the social context from the Terai region of Nepal. He has depicted the sufferings of the people of the Terai region and the growing deformities in that region. In the course of raising other social issues, he has also mixed environmental pollution as a subject of poetry, and he has given a resistance response to the reality that Nepal's Terai region is forced to accept poisoned air and water due to a lack of environmental awareness. Submitting the context that human behavior is gradually deteriorating as the number of selfishness increases, he claimed that the state's responsibility could not be strengthened and environmental awareness and ethics were replaced by human interest. The poet believes that the expansion of capitalist economic culture is the main reason for environmental exploitation. Based on the theoretical ground of Eco's criticism, the life of the Terai region of Nepal is depicted in his poetry the City without a City and the toxic discourse in that life has been observed. Due to the lack of environmental ethics, our reference to environmental protection has become confused, so this study has concluded that the awakening of social awareness towards it is the need of the day.}

चिन्ता नाटकमा रसविधान {Rasa (in English Aesthetics) Theory in the Drama ‘Chinta’}

2022-12-29T09:04:13+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेखमा बालकृष्ण समद्वारा रचित चिन्ता (२०५९, प्रथम पटक प्रकाशित) नाटकको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । कृतिको अध्ययन तथा विश्लेषणका निम्ति पूर्वीय काव्यमान्यतामा प्रचलित रसविधानलाई सैद्धान्तिक आधार बनाइएको छ । चिन्ता नाटक सामाजिक सुधारको उद्देश्ले लेखिएको तर नाटककारको जीवनकालमा प्रकाशित हुन नसकेको नाट्य कृति हो । यो नाटक रसविधानको अध्ययनका निम्ति उपयुक्त नाट्य कृति हो । अध्ययनका क्रममा नाट्य विधा र नेपाली नाट्ययात्राको स्थूल सङ्केत गरिएको छ । नेपाली नाट्ययात्रामा बालकृष्ण समको उपस्थिति र चिन्ता नाटकको स्थान निर्धारण गरिएको छ । यसका लागि चिन्ता नाटक लेखनका पृष्ठभूमिको प्रभाव र नाट्यकृतिको कथ्यसन्दर्भ प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यससन्दर्भमा रससिद्धान्तको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा र रसका प्रकारको सङ्क्षिप्त अध्ययन प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यसक्रममा रसको स्वरुप, रससङ्ख्या र रसनिष्पत्ति सन्दर्भको परिचय प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । कृतिको विश्लेषणका क्रममा श्रृङ्गार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, विभत्स, अद्भूत र शान्त नवरसको परिचय र चिन्ता नाटकमा प्रयुक्त रससामग्रीको खोजी गरिएको छ । रससामग्रीको प्रयोगका दृष्टिले चिन्तानाटक बहुरसयुक्त सफल नाट्य कृति हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । {This article presents the study of the drama ‘Chinta’(2059, 1st publication)written by Bal Krishana Sama. As a theoretical foundation for the analysis of the drama, ithas adopted Rasa theory existed in the poetries of the Eastern Vedic literature. This dramas considered as a useful drama for the study of Rasa theory in literature. This is a micro study of the genre, drama, and the development of the Nepalese dramas. This study re-veals the presence of the writer, Bal Krishna Sama and the position of the drama, Chinta. It also shows the importance of the drama, Chinta. The study presents the theoretical assumptions and the varieties of Rasa in brief. It, too discusses the nature, numbers and origins of Rasa. It investigates the descriptions of different Rasas such as romance, com-edy, compassion, fury, heroism, horror, aversion, wonder and tranquility and the Rasas used in the drama ‘Chinta’. The study concludes that ‘Chinta’ that entails multiple Rasasis considered as a successful drama from the perspective of Rasa system.}

अन्धवेग नाटकमा अभिव्यक्त सामाजिक पक्ष {Social Issues Expressed in the Drama Andhabeg}

2022-12-29T09:20:15+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेख नाटककार बालकृष्ण समद्वारा लिखित अन्धवेग नाटकको सामाजिक पक्षमा आधारित भएरतयार गरिएको छ । यसमा समको सङ्क्षिप्त परिचय र नाट्य साहित्यमा उनले दिएको योगदानको चर्चा गर्दै नाट्यविधाको परिचय दिएको छ । अन्धवेग नाटकको कथासार प्रस्तुत गरी यसमा अभिव्यक्त सामाजिक पक्षको विश्लेषणगरिएको छ । यसैक्रममा नेपाली समाजको मूल्यमान्यता, धर्म, रीतिरिवाज एवम् परम्परालाई नाघेर वासनामूलकप्रेमले अन्धो बनेका कारण एउटा सुखी र सम्पन्न परिवारको तहसनहस भएको सामाजिक प्रसङ्गका आधारमा कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसका निम्ति नाटकका उपकरणहरुमध्ये विषय, घटना, परिवेश, भाषाशैली आदिका माध्यमबाट सामाजिक पक्ष अभिव्यक्त हुने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । साथै यिनै उपकरणका आधारमा अन्धवेगनाटकमा अभिव्यक्त भएको सामाजिक पक्षको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।

{This research article has been written based on social issues in the drama, Andhabeg by a well-known Nepali playwright, Balkrishna Sama. The article begins with a brief introduction of the playwright and his contribution to drama as a literary genre. The article analyses the social issues based on the plot of the drama. The drama has been analysed in connection to a well to do family which is ruined due to blind love crossing the border of social norms and values, religious dogmas, customs and conventions. The elements of drama such as subject matter, events, contexts, language etc. are the basis to analyse that the drama basically deals with social issues.}

Gender Awareness in Restructuring the English Courses in Nepal

2022-12-22T13:26:59+00:00

The courses and curricula get changed with the changes occur in the society which cause the change in the objectives and aims of studying the courses. This paper is based on the content analysis of the BBS First Year English course of Tribhuvan University of Nepal from feminist perspective. It intends to raise gender awareness in teachers, students and course designers as well. I have tried to analyse the recommended reading texts in the course from feminist viewpoint. In fact the textbooks provide guidelines for both teachers and students and play a vital role in shaping students’ behaviors and ideology. So, the textbooks should be analyzed to explore the potential impact they make upon students. The study was executed to explore the representation of males and females in terms of status, roles, occupations and activities in BBS first year English textbook of TU which was revised and implemented from this year. For this the texts were studied and analysed from the feminist viewpoint. The results showed that the newly revised course of BBS first year English was, to some extent, successful in maintaining gender balance by selecting reasonable number of female writers and the text elated to female issues. There are texts which advocate the females’ issues in the society, their problems and rights etc. The texts raise the messages against different social evils and problems.

Quest for Authentic Existence in Marleen Gorris’s Movie Mrs. Dalloway

2022-12-22T13:33:46+00:00

The paper attempts to make a cinematographic study of Marleen Gorris’s film Mrs. Dalloway, the screen adaptation of the popular novel Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf through the perspective of Existentialism introduced by Jean Paul Sartre. The movie by Gorris seems to be a love story but it also portrays the existential quest of the protagonist for the meaningful life or for the authentic existence. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in the society of England, Clarissa determines herself to choose a life of her own choice for which she has to face many objections, but her courage to go beyond that and make own choice of life is the main purpose discussed here. This research is studied through cinematographic analytic way, which is drawn upon the concept of authentic existence relating to the theory of Existentialism. This study comes to the conclusion that to live the meaningful life or to lead a life of meaningful existence Clarissa puts her love behind, and marries Richard for her own authentic sake.

Laws and Acts on Access of Equal Property Rights in SAARC Region Countries

2022-12-22T13:44:53+00:00

Equal rights of parental property is defined that the sons and daughters have equal rights over the ancestral property. The property right is a national issue and it is also related to economy, which is one of the important factors for the development of the country. Main purpose of this article is to critically analyze the Laws and Acts on access of equal property rights in SAARC countries. Author has not collected and analyzed other information rather than Laws and Act related to Parental property rights of SAARC countries. Author has collected Secondary information from different sources and analyzed them critically with his own way. Furthermore, the collected information are based on SAARC regions (developing’ countries). Therefore, the Laws and Acts related to Parental property rights of developed and under’ developed countries cannot be generalized on the basis of these information. Author Has prepared this article maintaining the academic ethics and value. This article is based on qualitative information with cross sectional methods. The information are interpreted with inductive approach. However, information/ data are obtained by author from the different authentic and reliable sources and those are re-arranged and critically analyzed and make sensible as far as meaningful so readers could understand related issues. However, besides Maldives, other nation of SAARC regions have addressed the equal property rights through different ways, (e.g. customary laws, constitutions, women’s rights acts and laws and separate particular laws and Acts.

Problems Faced by Diploma Engineering Students in Learning Chemical Reaction

2022-12-22T13:49:26+00:00

The purpose of this paper is to identify problems faced by the students in chemical reaction learning who had completed their school education from public and institutional schools. In addition, to the analysis of relationship between both group of students in terms of Chemistry- I result, learning chemical reaction, partial method and oxidation number method. For this survey study design, total 400 participants had been sampled, and purposively determined with 200 from each schooling group. Three hypothesises were formulated and tested to analyze relation between public and institutional schooling group participants in context of prescribed variables. The findings indicated that there were no significant difference between the groups and had weak correlation between tested variables. The study enlighted that chemistry teaching strategy can be improved and it can be truly begin to find the solutions of problems faced by students in classroom teaching. The author hopes that this paper will contribute for minimize discriminated the attitudes of society towards Public and institutional schools for their children’s education. Similarly, it will motivate the teachers for applying the student- friendly teaching manner, and will guide the concerned bodies reform chemistry course.

Generalization of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem

2022-12-22T13:54:59+00:00

This paper deals with the mean value theorem of differential calculus due to the Lagrange’s mean value theorem which has appeared in Lagrange’s book Theories functions analytiques in 1797 as an extension of Rolle’s result from 1619. We state and prove a theorem which is similar to the generalized mean value theorem for the single variable function. Firstly, we review the mean value theorems. Moreover, the theorem is illustrated with some examples. The main propose of this paper is to establish the different forms of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem, as an extended forms.

Coolie: A Novel on class conflict in capitalist Indian Society

2022-12-22T13:59:45+00:00

This paper is trying to focus on the issue of class conflict in capitalist Indian society in different levels. In the capitalist society like that of India the people of working-class were mercilessly exploited. Munoo’s story begins in the village where he had been living with his family, there the rich but greedy landlord of village had seized the small piece of land of Munoo’s father and his father died of broken heart. In Sham Nagar Munoo was exploited by Nathoo Ram who belonged in dominant class. In Daulatpur the plight of coolies on the street and servant’s condition of Prabha’s factory show the gap between haves and haves not. The condition of coolies in Bombay, mill-workers was miserable. Coolies, their wives and children had to sleep on the pavement of the city because they had no living accommodations. The workers were exploited mercilessly in Sir Geroge White’s cotton-mill, they had to live in most unhygienic place. These workers were ill-paid, ill-housed and treated as objects. The capitalists would like to maintain their profits and continue their exploitation to workers. Similarly, Munoo was exploited in Simila by Mrs. Mainwaring sexually and physically. It clears that the exploitation and discrimination of working-class people by capitalists and class struggle between two classes: haves and haves not. The British people were all Englishman occupy top position in India. The upper- class Indian have the link between class of Englishman and lower- class Indian. The upper- class people abused to lower class people, humiliated them for minor faults and sometimes without any reason. The working-class people have lost their sense of self-respect and ready to any length to win favor of British officer especially the upper-class Indian were involved in such practice