KEC Journal of Science and Engineering

Editor-in-Chief's Message Vol.7(1)

Pratima Pradhan — 2023-12-31

No Abstract available.

A Review on Measurement of Spectral Directional Emissivity of Microstructured Surfaces in Infrared Wavelength Range

Lila Raj Koirala — 2023-05-01

A survey of researches in the field of spectral directional emissivity measurements of microstructured surfaces by using direct and indirect radiometric methods in infrared wavelength range is presented. Nowadays, new concepts of periodic surface microstructures with geometrical dimensions of the same order of magnitude as the thermal radiation wavelengths are becoming one of the attractive methods for controlling spectral radiative properties of a surface like emissivity and reflectivity. Since the resonance effect between the periodic microstructures and the electromagnetic field has become one of the most promising ways to vary optical or radiative properties of the radiating surfaces artificially, in this review paper emphasis is given to the measurement of directional spectral emissivity of microstructured surfaces. A review of many systems is presented that are capable of measuring the spectral directional emissivities of solid surfaces at moderate temperatures. An overview of experimental setups is provided including the reference sources of radiation, the sample clamping and heating, detection systems, methods for the determination of surface temperature and procedures for emissivity evaluation. The paper is focused on methods of finding the emissivity of microstructures. Selected experimental data in the form of graph are presented for various microstructured surfaces.

Active Power Filter Integrated with Transformer

Thakur Paudel — 2023-05-01

In recent years, the use of non-linear load is increasing day by day. Non-linear loads such as traditional diode/ thyristor rectifiers with inductive load generate harmonic and reactive current, which leads to poor power factor, low energy efficiency, and harmful disturbance to other appliances. Also, in recent years, the large-scale use of the power electronic equipment has led to an increase of harmonics in the power system. Harmonics also affects on the performance of distribution transformer. It increases power loss due to skin effect and proximity effect. Current harmonics are one of the most common causes of these problems and are usually resolved by using shunt active filter (SHAF). By the implementation of a shunt active power filter on the secondary side of the transformer, the harmonics can be compensated which is produced by non-linear load. Finally, by the implementation of this concept the efficiency of the transformer, losses of the transformer, overheating of the conductor due to skin effect, power quality, etc. can be improved. Results of simulation and hardware fabrication are presented in this paper.

Control of Micro Grid using Central D-ELC

Ayush Pokhrel — 2023-05-01

Micro-hydro power plants (MHPs) and wind power plants are popular sources of renewable energy in rural areas. Their presence in abundance and in proximity makes it convenient to consider the micro-grid system as a viable technical solution. Most MHPs have either AC Voltage Controller based Electronic Load Controllers (ACVC-ELC) or Discrete resistance type Electronic Load Controller (D-ELC) for frequency control, while wind generators have inverter based controller. When these power plants with different controllers are operated in parallel, this leads to an unstable operation. However, rather than operating with their individual load controllers, if these plants are governed with a central D-ELC, the operation becomes stable.

Cricket Shots Analysis Using AI

Bhuwan Khatiwada — 2023-05-01

Cricket is often described as a contest between bat and ball, and batting is considered one of its prime disciplines. While batting a batter tries to hit the ball with a different variety of shots to guide the ball in any specific direction of their wish. The types of shots include cover drive, straight drive, pull shot, reverse sweep, and many more. It is tedious task to classify shots manually and provide the insights for the batter. Our goal is to classify the shots using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and to provide an analysis of how well someone plays a particular shot using image processing technique. This can be achieved by collecting the required image data, extracting features, feeding to the machine learning or deep learning algorithms, and generating the classifier output. We have implemented the model using EfficientDet and SVM which works better with less data.

Decentralized, On Demand Server System Using Smartphones

Anish Sah — 2023-05-01

The advancement in technology has impelled entities to use websites for communication. Some websites such as result publication sites usually have low traffic flow except on days like result publication. The sudden spike in traffic flow makes the websites respond slow or even crash thus requiring a dynamic allocation of servers. This project, “Decentralized, On Demand Server System Using Smartphones”, is designed and implemented to use smartphones as on-demand servers for hosting websites. The system consists of three components: ‘System Website’ controls the overall system and ‘Smartphones’ act as servers for the ‘Client Websites’ that are to be hosted. Smartphones can be registered and become servers/hosts using a mobile application. A client website is first uploaded to the system and distributed to the registered smartphones. When an end-user requests a website, the request is redirected by the System Website to the smartphone which holds the requested site. A connection is established where the smartphone hosts the website to the end-user. After the hosting is completed, the host becomes free. In case of network failure, a network is established using different host that makes the system reliable.

Energy Management in Micro Hydro Power Plant Using Battery Bank

Pallavi Ghimire — 2023-05-01

Micro Hydro Power (MHP) plants are very much successful for village electrification in Nepal with compared to many other countries in the world. Electrification in rural areas by grid extension seems economically not feasible because of high cost of transmission line and higher power loss in the transmission line. In MHP, the generator is driven by un- regulated water turbine with constant mechanical power output and the speed of the generator is controlled by using ELC. At varying consumer’s load condition, the dump load in ELC consumes excess of power generated by the generator so that total load on the generator at any instant is constant and equal to its full rating resulting in constant speed. In this paper, a new control logic is presented to utilize the wasted energy in the dump load during light load period to charge the battery and utilize it during peak load period. Simulation model of the proposed scheme is developed to study the technical feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Evaluation of Network Intrusion Detection with Feature Selection using Random Forest and Deep Neural Network

Nabin Pakka — 2023-05-01

Modern era relies heavily on the internet for communication and confidential data exchange. Integrity, validity, and security of data transmitted should not be compromised. Intrusion detection plays a role of paramount importance in secure transmission. However, Network intrusions are evolving. It raises the necessity for a more robust and evolving detection system. The main objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the performance of Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks on the CICIDS-2017 dataset to build a robust Network Intrusion Detection System. Data of DDoS, DoS, and PortScan attacks from CICIDS-2017 are considered for analysis. The data is preprocessed then feature selection algorithms are applied and the best split is selected for classification. The paper compares the performance of Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks. It was observed that DNN performs best on CICIDS-2017 data to classify between different attacks on the network.

Intercity Bus Terminal: Solution to Traffic Congestion in Kathmandu

Shreya Shrestha — 2023-05-01

Rapid urbanization has caused highest concentration in the capital instigating traffic congestion, which is the current most serious issue in the Kathmandu valley. The need of innovative traffic management strategies in the city area and high-quality transit service has aroused the demand of an intercity bus terminal. This study examines the current and future urban scenario, addressing the future demands to provide a functional design solution. This research outlines an approach to strengthen the volume of traffic by proposing a bus terminal that limits the intercity functions outside the ring road. This ultimately contributes to the feasibility for transit-oriented development module. It focuses more on the information regarding the choice of site that has been the most determining solution to the addressed problem. The study also deals with calculations for determination of capacity of the proposed terminal. The study may create awareness among professionals about possibility of alternative solution to the congestion issue.

LVRT Control Strategy for Three-Phase Grid Connected PV System

Samip Poudel — 2023-05-01

With increasing interest in Photo Voltaic systems in the international market, proper protection system implementation is required in the grid-connected PV System. Traditionally it is seen that a grid-connected PV system is discontinued during a transient fault period to protect the inverter from power imbalance between the PV side and the grid side. This paper presents a Low Voltage Ride Through control strategy for the system to continue supplying to the grid even during fault conditions. The low Voltage Ride Through strategy is achieved by adding a discharge circuit to the DC-link of the inverter and modifying the id and IQ current reference to the inverter when grid voltage sag occurs. A 50 KW two-stage photovoltaic system model is designed in MATLAB platform with a PV array, Boost Converter, 3-phase DC/AC inverter, filter, and the grid. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme is adopted in Boost Converter to track maximum power in our system, and for the control, the inverter hysteresis band control strategy is employed. A separate discharging circuit was adopted on the dc side for LVRT operation. Simulation results using MATLAB verifies the validity of the proposed control strategies under symmetrical voltage sag conditions.

Object and Text Detection

Pooja Singh — 2023-05-01

The main aim of our project is to develop a portable raspberry pi implemented gadget for object detection with relative motion and distance. This technology is basically used for conversion of sequence of real time objects into series of text which can be further stored into database and can be utilized to assist visually impaired people and in various security purposes as well. For that purpose, the conversion system is proposed in this project. Our system basically operates in 2 different modes. One is detecting the class of objects nearby with the help of R-CNN network, and the second one is obstacle detection using ultrasonic sensor. It includes 3 buttons for mode selection and the system operates on the basis of mode selection. It includes camera to capture an image as input, and input image is then passed to the R-CNN that recognizes number of objects inside image, their classes and types, text written inside and which is then can be passed to the database for a storage.

Parallel Operation of DC Converters in Isolated Pv-Wind DC Microgrid using Droop

Pabitra Sharma — 2023-05-01

With the increasing consumer loads operated by DC voltage, DC micro-grids are becoming popular in terms of reliability and efficiency. In DC micro-grids, a conventional droop control method has been used to share the load proportionally to their capacity; however it led to the reduction of reference bus voltage. This paper presents an adaptive droop controller designed to mitigate the trade-off between current sharing and voltage regulation of the DC micro-grid. To simulate and evaluate the suggested control approach, isolated dc-dc converters are used. The proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB Simulink and the simulation results show that the control logic for adaptive droop control works satisfactorily.

PV-Based Water Pumping System Without Storage Battery

Astha Rai — 2023-05-01

The in rural area, where there is no electricity supply from the grid, PV-based water pumping system is Very popular. The conventional PV-based water pumping system stores electrical energy generated by solar panel in the storage battery. A DC to AC inverter is used to drive the water pump coupled with conventional AC motor. The efficiency of this type of water-pump system low due to the power losses during charging and discharging process and life of the very is very short. In this paper a stand-alone Photovoltaic (PV) systems is presented for water pumping without using storage battery which can be used for irrigation and drinking water. The proposed systems without battery can provide a cost-effective use of solar energy. Simulation model of the proposed scheme is developed and proto-type hardware is fabricated. The simulation results and hardware results shows the technical feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Realization of the TOW-THOMAS Biquad Active Filter

Sagun Manandhar — 2023-05-01

The Tow-Thomas Biquad Circuit provides the filter designers with a valuable building block for building higher order active filters. It is a flexible circuit structure in which the transfer function properties are easily manipulated by modifying the passive RC elements that connect the operational amplifiers. It can be easily defined in its low-pass and bandpass operations. Above all, we can easily fabricate the possible filters inside a single chip with very slight modification of the standard Tow-Thomas Circuit.

Response Reduction Factor of Steel – RC Hybrid Structure

Abishek Bhattarai — 2023-05-01

Civil Engineering structures should have sufficient strength and stiffness to control deflection and prevent possible collapse of the structure during a seismic event. The design force levels currently specified by most seismic codes are calculated by dividing the base shear for elastic response by the response modification factor (R). Seismic codes consider a reduction factor in designing the loads in order to cause the structure to enter into the nonlinear behavior region and then use the advantages of its energy dissipation. The seismic response of such mixed structure having different structural system at different floor levels is entirely different to the response of the pure steel or RC structure. During an earthquake excitation, upper steel stories behave as a structure built upon a fixed base RC structure. So, the response of such structure needs to be studied and the computation of appropriate response reduction factor is required in order to minimize the risk.

Simulation and Performance Analysis of Discrete Load Controller for Micro-Hydropower Plant

Nischal Guruwacharya — 2023-05-01

Electronic load controller (ELC) has been an in-dispensary part of governor free Micro hydro plant for frequency control for a long period of time. Conventional ELC consists of thyristor-controlled dump load system; in which firing angle regulates the amount of power to be fed into dump load. Such ELC units suffer many drawbacks, including injection to current harmonics, drawing high reactive current from the source. This study tries to address these issues by introducing a Discrete Load Controller (DLC). DLC controls the load by controlling the number of resistors to keep it ON or OFF without chopping source voltage. The system layout and control scheme are developed in Matlab^® Simulink environment and different disturbance are introduced for dynamic response. The result shows that the DLC functions well, by generating less harmonics and consumption of reactive power; which otherwise are to be supplied by the generator itself. Further the DLC is also capable of regulating frequency at designated value in spite of all loading condition. Also, the result obtained from simulation is validated experimentally.

Smart Centralized Metering System for Commercial Building

Kiran Shrestha — 2023-05-01

In commercial building, there are many shops in different floors. These shops are rented to different people and the electrical energy consumed by each shop has to be read every month. In conventional metering system, the meter reader has to go the metering panels in different floor which is time consuming and there is problem of raising the bill amount from the shop keepers in time and human error in meter reading. This paper presents a possible solution which is named as Smart Centralized Metering System for commercial building. The proposed system collects the data from each meter sends the data via wireless communication to a central server where monitoring and analysis of the data will be easily made. It will poll each and every individual shop automatically regularly in order to get the meter reading of the corresponding shop. If a particular shop did not pay the bill, power supply to the particular shop can be turned off from the server room. A proto type hardware of the scheme is fabricated and tested successfully.

Understanding the Influence of Urban Form on the Physical Activity in the Open Spaces Using Photovoice Method

Sadichchha Shrestha — 2023-05-01

This study presents the photovoice approach, a participatory qualitative research tool to study the relationship between urban form and physical activity in urban open spaces. According to the World Health Organization, increased automation of daily tasks and work has decreased physical activity over recent years across all age groups. One of the significant factors that determines an active lifestyle is the way our cities are built and the urban environment is designed. This study investigates perceived beneficial or negative impact of built environment on the levels of physical activity that result for both individuals and communities.

Voting System with Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain

Sudip Bhujel — 2023-05-01

Voting is an essential democratic practice of finding out the public opinion about the policy of candidates. For free and fair voting procedure, a systematic voting system must be designed. Today almost every aspect of our lives is aided by the technology and with the advancement in the technology, the voting system can be upgraded to AI Voting System from the traditional ballot paper system with fair results. This paper discusses designing of voting system with best possible secure way. AI and Blockchain are two underlying technologies used to achieve secure and fraud-free voting environment. Face recognition being the source of truth for authentication and authorization and Blockchain encryption being the safest way to store and read electronic ballot make system ideal. All data related to voting are encrypted in Blockchain decentralized network. In blockchain technology, each process is controlled by Smart Contract, they are trackable and irreversible.

Yantramanav: A 8 DOF Bipedal Walking Robot – A Developmental Design

Samrat Malla — 2023-05-01

This paper proposes a study on development design of bipedal walking robot. A bipedal walking robot is a type of humanoid robot which mimics the walking of human beings and can be programmed to perform specific tasks as required. In this paper we present the building of a robot that provides physical locomotion such as walking, climbing stairs, etc. along with providing live video feedback to the user. Our bipedal robot is constructed by 8 motors and it has one DOF (degree of freedom) in each joint. This paper also describes how the bipedal robot is built, how the movement steps are obtained and how fall detection mechanism is implemented. To maintain the real time balanced locomotion and to measure the stability performance of the robot, an accelerometer and gyroscope sensor and foot pressure sensors are used. The movement of the robot can be controlled by using a remote controller. This bipedal robot can assist humans to carry out surveillance in hazardous environments like mines, fire, natural disaster etc. This greatly helps the rescue process during disasters and accidents.