Twelve Lokeśvara Images at Hiranyavarṇa Mahāvihāra, Patan, Nepal

Abstract

The Hiranyavarṇa Mahāvihāra, commonly known as the Golden Temple, is one of the most significant monastic complexes in Patan, Nepal. Among its rich artistic and religious heritage, the twelve Lokeśvara images stand out as unique embodiments of Newar Buddhist iconography. This article explores the iconographical features of these twelve Lokeśvaras, focusing on their stylistic, symbolic, and ritualistic significance. By examining the artistic elements, inscriptions, and associated legends, this study situates these representations within the broader context of Newar Buddhist art and practice. The findings highlight the integration of Tantric Buddhist ideals with local artistic traditions, offering insights into the religious and cultural landscape of medieval Nepal. This research contributes to the understanding of the role of Lokeśvara in the devotional practices of the Newar community and underscores the importance of preserving such heritage sites for future generations.