The Role of Princess Bhṛkuṭī in the Introduction of Buddhism in Tibet

Abstract

This paper examines the historical figure of Bhṛkuṭī (bal-bza-khtri-btsun pronounced Balza Tritsun) the Licchavi princess of Nepal traditionally regarded as a key cultural and religious bridge between Nepal and Tibet in the seventh century. Drawing primarily on Tibetan-language historical texts and chronicles, the study explores the circumstances surrounding Bhṛkuṭī’s journey to Tibet, including the political and diplomatic motivations behind her marriage to Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo. It discusses what objects and how Bhṛkuṭī took with her such as sacred images, artisans, and Buddhist ritual objects etc., and how these cultural transfers shaped early Tibetan religious life. Special focus is given to her reputed role in the spread of Buddhism in Tibet, particularly her patronage in the construction of the Rasa-Trulnang Tsuklakhang (often know as ‘Jokhang’) Temple in Lhasa, which became a foundational institution of Tibetan Buddhism before the establishment of the Samye monastery. By analyzing historical narratives, diplomatic contexts, and cultural symbols embedded in Tibetan sources, the paper highlights Bhṛkuṭī’s significance as both a political emissary and a Buddhist propagator, illustrating how her presence helped establish early Nepal-Tibet ties and contributed to the formation of Tibet’s Buddhist identity.