Medha: A Multidisciplinary Journal

Editorial Vol.6(1)

Baburam Timalsena — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

No abstract available.

Cultural Trauma in Wagle’s ‘Palpasa Café’

Achut Raj Kattel — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This research article focuses in the area of Wagle’s ‘Palpasa Café’ in the background of Maoist’s insurgency in Nepal. Such a study is significant in order to diagnose the society that faced dreadful events and envision the trouble and trauma people faced during the insurgency. The research method adopted in this article is cultural trauma defined by Jeffrey C. Alexander. The major findings of the present article are characters face dreadful events in the novel ’Palpasa Café’ and it frightens them so much that they are anxious of their future identity and security. ‘Palpasa Café’ has the setting of war, and it shows the terror felt both in city and village. The study's main conclusions are ‘Palpasa Café’ is a novel of cultural trauma and it presents a large number of people affected by the horrendous event.

Preparedness for Academic Excellence in Higher Education through BPO

Balendu Hamal — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

COVID-19 Pandemic has been a very serious problem worldwide. It has damaged all economic germinate areas. Also the Nepalese higher education field has been disturbed. Our teaching and learning methodologies are conventional. Additionally, politicians, policy makers do not want to change and adopt new concept with high-tech. Academicians and administrative staff are thinking positively, but those people are not techno friendly so that in crucial time they are resistant to change. Still, these situations create a big opportunity in Nepal; thus, the higher education sector would apply the BPO technique to provide quality education for their students with low budgets.

This study focuses on how to professionally manage teaching and learning service delivery over the public or private networks to help students use ICT effectively and efficiently. It is a new concept in the education field of Nepal, but developed countries have practiced from last decade. The 21st century is more competitive, and challenges and opportunities come together, where we live in a boundary-less small village appropriate to the speedy of ICT. Through the use of outsourcing (offshoring), stakeholders can take more benefits than the usual method. Especially BPO procedure helps teachers, students, and organizations to meet international standards throughout academic excellence and smooth operation.

Role of English Language for Business Activities at the Present Era of Global Marketing

Deependra Jaisi Chhetri — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In this era of globalization, English is an essential language for global business and marketing. When we discuss "globalization," either explicitly or implicitly, the English language is brought up. People all across the world use English for reading, writing, and speaking. An estimated 2 billion people speak English, which is recognized as an official language in several nations. English is a subject that many schools and organizations around the world require pupils to take. Additionally, it is a key topic in college-level courses. Communication in trade, education, and business is frequently conducted in English. It is referred to as the lingua franca or the universal tongue. To participate in the international job and research markets, one must be able to speak and write English. The majority of significant books and films are written and produced in English as their primary language. As a result, we learn more about the English language and appreciate it more. The results of this study demonstrate that during the time of British colonial rule, the English language has played a key role in education and economic operations all over the world. In order to travel or study abroad in the modern world, English proficiency is a requirement. With the information and communication procedures that individuals utilize to interact in this era of globalization, writing competence in English is crucial. As a result, the goal of this essay is to highlight the significance of writing in proper English and several reasons why mistakes can be made while writing business communication documents. Also, this is a qualitative study, and the technique of data collection involved some writing assignments, followed by interviews with some bachelor level students of Baglung. Writing faults in the students' work were discovered by an essay exam. The flaws are analyzed, and the need of learning grammar principles is addressed. A small number of researchers' publications are examined to support this research report. This research is unique in terms of value.

Need of Demonetization to wash away the Black Money of the Corrupt People and Market: A Review of the Lesson from India

Janardan Paudel — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This research paper presents corruption and demonetization with respect to some impacts on people, production and market. The research question to be answered is" Why was demonetization of Rs. 500 and 1000 notes in India and Nepal needed? The methodology is qualitative and related to interaction with people and document analysis. Demonetization is the process of stripping units of currency from their legal status. After demonetization, those units of currencies will not be used as before. It means their age will be passed away. The units of currencies will have no any existence. If someone circulates these units of currencies after demonetization, it will be a matter of fraud or doing illegal activity and the person will be the subject of deserving candidate for legal action and punishment for blackmailing government and people. Narendra Modi's midnight announcement of the legal proceeding of demonetization of the notes of Rs 500 and 1000 made the silently sleeping citizens wake up around the thunderstorm without cloud and amidst many sink holes without landslides. Millions of corrupted people counting their dreamful beautiful golden notes turned amongst heavy and scaring ghosts haunting around them. This situation was nearly compared to the philosophy of Nietzsche's "Death of God". It is because blackmailed money is the form of God for the blackmailers. The silent sound turned into the unending shape of murderer. It was one of the greatest decisions made by The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, in the history of India and other territories in the proximity of India. In the overall situation, it was a feeling of patriotic ideology in controlling black money in India, Nepal and Bhutan.

Impact of Rural Municipality Program on Women Empowerment in Surkhet

Lokendra Woli — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Women empowerment is the process of generating a building capability of women to exercise control over their own life. Women play active roles in household and community decision-making, and families are better able to address the difficulties of poverty, enhance family health and well-being, and boost income. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the impact of rural municipality programs on women’s empowerment activities and discover how this empowerment activity of women is making an impact on poverty reduction. This study adopts cross-sectional survey research methods and a quantitative study design. To achieve the goals of the study, both primary and secondary data were utilized. Data from the research region was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. Sample size for this study comprises 265 from four rural municipalities of the Surkhet district. The results showed that increasing income can be achieved by empowering women. Income and empowerment are positively correlated. In contrast, r = 0. 431 and p = .000. Further empowerment and poverty also have a significant relationship which is r = 0.509 and p-value .000. Further, it was also found that rural municipality programs and empowerment were correlated. Programs run from rural municipalities and poverty had a significant result. The family, society, and nation must all support them in their position. To do this, the local government should create gender-inclusive policies and programs.

An Overview of the Past of Animal Domestication

Ram Chandra Adhikari — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to explore the domestication of animals concerning their advantages, disadvantages and history. The article is based on literature survey. Going through the websites of different academic search engines and agencies literatures were deeply analyzed. There are many breeds of few species of domesticated animals. Pople have been using domesticated animals for many purposes like guard, porter, labor, friends, food, fertilizer, as ornament of houses, as income source, for study and research, experimental purposes, biotechnology, improving the variety and beautify the nature. The study also found that most of the domestic animals of today were domesticated from 11,000 years ago. Dogs were domesticated 35,000 years ago, goat, pig, cow, sheep and other cattle were domesticated in 9500 Before Common Era (BCE) and cats in 7500 BCE. Horse was domesticated 5500 years ago, chicken 4000 years ago and insects were domesticated 5000 years ago. Domestication of animal is essential for the conservation of genetic resource too.

Elements of Nature and Human Sensibility in Devkota's Poem Make me a Sheep, O Lord

T.N. Poudel — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the elements of Nature and Human Sensibility in the poem 'Make me a Sheep, O Lord' composed by Laximi Prasad Devkota in 1947 AD. He was impressed by British romantic poets, and is the pioneer of the Nepali Romanticism. So, it is suitable to study his poem in relation to the elements of romanticism. Nature is the key element of romanticism. The concept of human sensibility covers a range of ideas related to poet's experiences, feelings, sentiments, emotions, views and subjectivity. It has dual links. Though it is a pre-romantic concept, it is widely found in the Romantic period too. The study makes an attempt to interpret the images, symbols, concepts, figure of speech etc. in the poem in relation to nature and human sensibility. The article follows romanticism as a theory of analysis. The study confirms the prevalence of elements of nature and human sensibility throughout the poem. Regarding the form and translation, the study is based on Pen Himalaya's English version of the poem Prabhu ji Mlai Bhedo Banau. It has adopted the qualitative and impressionistic method of study. For the purpose of textual analysis, the writer of this article depends on works of research studies, journals and articles on the relevant subject. This paper can be utilized by and significant for readers, researchers, teachers and students.

Trouble felt in Education and Sustainability during the Time of Covid-19 in Nepal: Responses of Teachers, Parents and Students

Tika Ram Dahal — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Examined in this study are crisis-related educational initiatives. Its goal is to analyse the educational approaches employed in Nepal's community schools during the COVID-19 pandemic-caused catastrophe. This study is qualitative, hence the methodology employed is deemed appropriate. In this study, the data are collected through purposeful sampling. The participants are dedicated teachers from particular schools, as well as kids and parents. The study was conducted in the Kageshwori Manohara Municipality in the Kathmandu district. The study's primary sources are the participants, hence primary sources were used to collect the data. Using narrative enquiry and qualitative approaches, the data are analysed. Interviews were used to collect the data because it was a qualitative study. Narrative enquiry is used in the study, which follows the interpretative paradigm. Inductive and qualitative research approaches are thus both used in this study. The difficulties and crises that teachers, students, and parents experienced in Nepal during COVID-19 are examined in this paper. According to reports, COVID-19 has caused unforeseen changes in people's lifestyles. It prompted the development of online education, which promoted the use of modern technology although financial crisis disturbed sustainability of people. The results of this study demonstrate the technical and economical difficulties of adopting online classes in COVID-19. It is expected that this study will have an impact on society and academia. This study has preserved the value of originality because it is based on primary sources.

पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा ध्वनि

अनिल Anil अधिकारी Adhikari, केशवप्रसाद Keshavprasad अधिकारी Adhikari — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुत लेख ‘पिँजराको सुगा’ कवितामा ध्वनि मूलसमस्यामा केन्द्रित छ । यस शोधसमस्याको समाधानका लागि पाठविश्लेषण केन्द्री गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान िवधि तथा विश्लेषणको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार र विश्लेषणविधिका लागि संस्कृत काव्यचिन्तनअन्तर्गतको ध्वनिसिद्धान्तलाई उपयोग भएको छ । संस्कृत काव्यचिन्तनमा साहित्यको विश्लेषण गर्ने ध्वनिवादी सिद्धान्तका आफ्नै पाठविश्लेषणका प्रतिमान रहेका छन् । ध्वनिवादीहरूको मतमा साहित्यका अन्य तŒवसँगको सम्बन्धका आधारमा वस्तुध्वनि, अलङ्कारध्वनि र रसध्वनि तथा शब्दार्थ सम्बन्धका आधारमा अविवक्षित वाच्यध्वनि र विवक्षितान्यपरवाच्यध्वनिका आधारमा कृतिको मूल्याङ्कन गर्ने विषय हुन् । शब्द र अर्थले दिने साङ्केतिक अर्थभन्दा पृथक् प्रतीयमान वा अप्रस्तुत अर्थका रूपमा अविवक्षित वाच्यध्वनि र विवक्षितान्यपरवाच्यध्वनिको प्रभावकारी संयोजन भएको कविताका रूपमा पिँजराको सुगा कविता ध्वनिवादका कोणबाट अध्ययनीय सामग्री हो । यस कवितामा अविवक्षित वाच्यध्वनि राणाकालीन एकात्मक व्यवस्थाभित्र सिङ्गो मानव समाज दासवत् र चेतनाविहीन रहेको विषयलाई बालक सुगाको पिँजरायात्रा र उक्त यात्राका कठिनाइलाई मानवजीवनको यथार्थसँग सामञ्जस्य र सामान्यीकरण गरी मानवमुक्तिको चाहना प्रतिध्वनित गर्ने सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत भएको छ । विवक्षितान्यपरवाच्यध्वनि जीवनको नश्वरताबोधसम्बन्धी ज्ञानको प्रसारण शरीर र आत्मा तथा आत्मा र परमात्माबीचको सम्बन्धमा आत्मा परमात्माबीचकै सम्बन्ध मोक्षको कारक रहेको तथा आत्मतŒवले शरीरबाट छुटकारा पाउनु नै मोक्षको मार्ग रहेको व्यङ्ग्यार्थरूपमा अभिव्यञ्जित भएको छ । ध्वनिपरक मूल्याङ्कनका दृष्टिले यस कवितामा वस्तुध्वनिका रूपमा नेपाली समाजको बन्धनकारी पर्यावरण, अलङ्कारध्वनिका रूपमा विषय र विषयीलाई एकाकार गरी प्रस्तुत गरिएको समासोक्तिप्रधान कथन तथा रसध्वनिका रूपमा विषय, विषयी र विभावादिको मानसिक पीडाका अन्तर्यमा करुणरस प्रतिपाद्य रहेको विषयमा विमर्श भएको छ ।

‘मधेसतिर’ कथामा परिवेश

अविलाल Abilal शाह Shaha — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुत लेखमा कथाकार विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाद्वारा लिखित ‘मधेसतिर’ कथाको परिवेशको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । आर्थिक तथा मनोवैज्ञानिक समस्यालाई मुख्य विषयवस्तु बनाएर लेखिएको यस कथामा स्थानगत, समयगत र वातावरणगत परिवेशको खोजी गर्ने कार्यमा यो लेख केन्द्रित छ । यसका लागि कथाका मुख्य तत्वहरूमध्ये परिवेशलाई सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचा र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको अवलम्बन गरिएको यस आलेखमा कथाका घटना घट्ने र पात्रले कार्यव्यापार गर्ने ठाउँ, समय र वातावरणको कथांशसाक्ष्यका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । मूलतः यस कथामा सुनकोशी र तामाकोशीको सङ्गमदेखि दक्षिणतिरको मैदानसम्म पुग्दा पात्रहरूले तयार गरेको दुई दिने यात्रामा पर्ने बाटो, नदीनाला, डाँडापाखा, मैदान आदि स्थानगत परिवेश, कथामा वर्णित बिहान, दिन, रात आदि सार्वकालिक समय तथा राणाकालीन ऐतिहासिक समयसन्दर्भ समयगत परिवेश र आर्थिक तथा यौन अतृप्तिका कारण कथाका पात्रका मनमा उब्जेका उत्साह, निराशा, क्रोध, घृणा, विस्मय आदि मनोभावहरू वातावरणगत परिवेशका रूपमा आएका छन् । यस्ता परिवेशले घटना र कार्यव्यापारको प्रस्तुतिलाई सहज तुल्याएको निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ ।

अनलाइन कक्षा शिक्षणको प्रभावकारीता

टोलनाथ Tolnath काफ्ले Kafle — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

नेपाली शैक्षिक संस्कृति शिक्षक र विद्यार्थी एकैठाउँ भेला भएर सिक्ने सिकाउने प्रत्यक्ष शिक्षण प्रक्रियमा आधारित छ । यो परम्परा गुरूकुल शिक्षादेखि हालको औपचारिक शिक्षा प्रणालीसम्म कायम रहेको छ । वर्तमान परिवेशमा विकसित शिक्षाका नवीनतम चिन्तन र प्रविधिहरूको प्रयोगमा खासै कसैको चासो नपुगिरहेको सन्दर्भमा सन २०१९ को डिसेम्बरदेखि चीनको हुवान प्रान्तबाट शुरुवात भएको कोरोनाको महामारी र त्यसका कारण बन्दाबन्दीमा रहेको विद्यालयीय शिक्षामा शिक्षाको वैकल्पिक विधिका रूपमा अनलाइन शिक्षा प्रयोगमा आएको छ । यो लेख बन्दाबन्दीका कारण बन्द रहेका नेपालका विद्यालयहरूमा सञ्चालनमा रहेका अनलाइन कक्षाहरूमा कक्षा व्यवस्थापन, विद्यार्थीको पहुँच, प्रविधि प्रयोग, शिक्षण विधि, शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोग, कक्षाकार्य, गृहकार्य, उपलब्धिको लेखाजोखालाई कक्षा ६ मा अध्ययन गर्ने विद्यार्थीको आँखाबाट खोतल्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ । छलफललाई सान्दर्भिक र अर्थपूर्ण बनाउन विभन्न लेख तथा रचनाहरूको पुनरावलोकन, सिकाइका सिद्धान्तबाट प्राप्त अन्तर्दृष्टि एवम्म् लेखकका अनुभावात्मक चिन्तनहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यो लेख ग्लेसरको ग्राउण्डेड सिद्धान्तमा आधारित भई गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानविधिबाट तयार गरिएको छ । अनलाइन अन्तर्वार्तालाई साधन बनाई तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरी नतिजा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अन्तर्वार्ताका क्रममा सहभागी विद्यार्थीहरूबाट प्राप्त सूचनाअनुसार शिक्षण सिकाइका विभिन्न आयामहरूमा अनलाइन शिक्षाको प्रभावकारीता पूष्टि गराएकोले शिक्षाको वैकल्पिकविधिका रूपबाट अनलाइन शिक्षा प्रभाकारी रहेको निचोड निकालिएको छ । साथै नेपालमा औपचारिक शिक्षाको परम्पराभित्र उपयुक्त विकल्पको रूपमा अनलाइन शिक्षालाई प्रयोगमा ल्याई संस्थागत गर्न सुझावसमेत दिइएको छ l

कालीपारे दाइ कति राम्रो गीतको सन्दर्भ विश्लेषण

रेखा Rekha रेग्मी Regmi — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुत लेख कालीपारे दाइ कति राम्रो गीतको सन्दर्भ विश्लेषण मूलसमस्यामा केन्द्रित छ भने यसको विश्लेषण गीतमा विद्यमान वैयक्तिक, भौतिक र संज्ञानात्मक सन्दर्भका आधारमा भएको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानविधि र पाठविश्लेषण ढाँचामा तयार हुने यस लेखमा विश्लेषणविधिको उपयोग भएको छ । सङ्कथन अध्ययनअन्तर्गत सन्दर्भ विश्लेषण यस लेखको सैद्धान्तिक आधार हो । पाठनिष्ठ अर्थ निर्धारणका लागि लेखकले अभिव्यक्तिका माध्ययमबाट वैयक्तिक, भौतिक र संज्ञानात्मक सन्दर्भको सहयोग लिएको हुन्छ । धर्मराज थापाको लेखन तथा तारादेवीको आवाजमा स्वराङ्कन भएको कालीपारे दाइ कति राम्रो शीर्षकको गीति सङ्कथनमा वैयक्तिक, भौतिक र संज्ञानात्मक सन्दर्भको प्रभावकारी संयोजन भएको छ । वैयक्तिक सन्दर्भको प्रेरकका रूपमा देखादेखी हुँदा पनि बिचमा बग्ने कालीगङ्गाका वारिपारि भै रहनुपरेको परिस्थितिमा सँगै बस्न नपाउँदाको समाख्याताको मनको तुलबुली र कारकका रूपमा जवानीको चढ्दो अवस्थाका प्रेमिल अनुभूति गर्ने समाख्याताको भूमिका सशक्त छ । समाख्याताका रूपमा उपस्थित नायिकामा अनुरक्ति जगाउने ‘ढाकाटोपी र काँधमा गलबन्दी’ले सजिएका नायकको भूमिका नेपथ्यमा छ । गीतको वैयक्तिक सन्दर्भ प्रेममय भावनाले वशीभूत पर्दाको स्थितिवर्णनमा केन्द्रित छ । गीतको संज्ञानात्मक सन्दर्भ बयली खेल्दै खोली तरेर भेट्न पुग्दा पनि मन पर्ने मान्छेसित मन खोल्न नसक्नाको कारणसँग सम्बन्धित छ । गीतले समाख्याता र उसको नेपथ्यमै रहेको नायक वारिपारि हुनाले राम्रो लागेर अनि रहर गरेर पनि ‘भेट होला कि’भन्दै पर्खंदै आफ्नो जूनी बितेको अभिव्यक्तिका साथ समाख्याताको मनले भोग्न नपाएको प्रेमको कुण्ठामा असमञ्जस्यको स्थिति रहेको भावलाई सन्दर्भसँग सम्पृक्त गरेको छ । भौतिक सन्दर्भका रूपमा जवानीमा नारी–पुरूष परस्पर प्रेमजन्य भावनामा पर्ने अवस्था, क्रियाकलाप र प्रेमको भोगका खातिर मनमा पैदा हुने इच्छा एवम्म् उक्त रहरको नैसर्गिक पूर्ति सहज हुन नपाउँदाको अवस्थालाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । संज्ञानात्मक सन्दर्भका रूपमा कुनै पनि सामाजिक/सांस्कृतिक कारण बिना नै एक्लिएको समाख्याताको मानसिकतामा रहेको मानसिक उद्वेलनको प्रभावकारी चित्रण भएको विषयमा विमर्श भएको छ ।