Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Biodegradability of Cassava- and Potato-Starch-Based Bioplastics

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable plastics stems from the environmental hazards posed by conventional petroleum-based products. This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of bioplastics derived from cassava and potato starch and compares their properties with polyethylene. Bioplastics were fabricated using glycerol and acetic acid as plasticizers. Optical microscopy revealed that effective starch gelatinization and uniform plasticizer distribution help prevent microcracking in the material. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and glycosidic bond peaks, indicating successful bioplastic formation. Solubility tests showed that starch-based bioplastics dissolved in both 10% sodium hydroxide and water at 90–100 °C, whereas polyethylene remained insoluble under the same conditions. Moisture interaction tests indicated that cassava bioplastics absorbed water and swelled, while potato-based samples exhibited a weight reduction. Degradability tests demonstrated that cassava and potato bioplastics decomposed within 20 and 15 days, respectively, while polyethylene did not degrade. These findings highlight the potential of starch-based bioplastics as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. However, their mechanical properties vary depending on the starch source. Future efforts should focus on optimizing gelatinization and plasticizer incorporation to improve structural integrity and performance.