NUTA Journal

Technology, women’s empowerment, and Social Transformation

Ajita Devi Sharma — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This article deals with technological accessibility, its effects on women, and the reflection on women’s empowerment. Women need technology for the same reason as men. It supports women without bias. Global efforts have been made to empower women through income-generating activities saving their time and labor spent in the household economy. Technology supports women to empower them in many respects by saving their time and labor as well as shaping their ability and the infrastructure of their work. The main objective of this article is to access the role of technology in empowering women; findout the relationship between women and technology and find out the social transformation that led through technology. This article has applied textual review-based analysis as a methodology. This article claims that technology and women are indispensable parts and powerful tools and techniques for empowering women. The conclusion is a positive vibrant relationship between technology and women’s empowerment whichis drawn from empirics. The outcome is carried out through empirical evidence from different countries’ experiences and issues.The development of women’s friendly technology has led to miraculous changes in women’s lives which could contribute to saving their time and labor and thinking a minute for themselves and about the world. Innovation in technology is contributing to women’s empowerment and social transformation.

Women labour migrant returnees and their changing roles in Nepal

Bisista Shree — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This paper examines how the women foreign labour migrant looking at shifts in gender roles after returning to the home from the standpoint of family structure, public roles and factors to bring changes. It also explores how returnee women are perceived in society. Chautara and Duwachaur villages of Sindhupalchowk district were selected as the studied area. Data were collected fromforty female who have returned from foreign labor. Informations were collected from household survey, Interviews and Key informant Interview methords. Drastically change in the means of communication and its accessibility, higher level of income and economic empowerment are the key for shifting in gender role. It has not been a drastic difference between women roles after returning from abroad. Thus, family structure and ethnicity of the migrant family are key determinant factors for the changing role. In nuclear family gender roles was seen a significant change in comparison to joint families. Women of ethnic groups enjoy relatively more social freedom compared to women of higher-caste groups such as Brahmins and Chhetri. The major challenge for returnee women migration is the image of creating female workers as “victims’’ and deeply rooted in the socio-economic structures of Nepal.

Economic Impacts of Farmers Cooperatives in Nepal: A Study of Uthan Farmers' Cooperatives Limited Kalika-8 Chitwan

Chandra Prasad Dhakal — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzes the economic impactsof Uthan Farmers'CooperativeLimited in term of financial viability like employment, income and saving. The study explores the impacts in the context of Uthan Farmers' Cooperative Limited (UFCL), Kalika municipality ward no 8 Chitwan. Main objective of the study is to find out the perception of users group of the cooperative on economic impacts like employment, saving and income. Qualitative research design is followed and completed the study. Findings and conclusion of the study is based on primary data collected from the field by interview questions and observation checklist. Members of the cooperative have both positive and negative experiences on the activities of the cooperative ruing in study area (Kalika municipality ward no 8, Chitwan) playing role to bring impacts on the economic aspects of the members.

Numerical Solution of Multiple Internal Rate of Return with Non-conventional Cash Flows

Ganesh Bahadur Basnet — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This paper focuses on solving methods of multiple internal rates of return (MIRR) of the series of non-conventional cash flow when the net present value is equal to zero. The internal rate of return is a popular rule for project acceptance/rejection. When a projects cash flow has three or more sign variations, the internal rate of return (IRR) rule is not easy to obtain multiple internal rates of returns. In his paper, we introduce Descartes’ rule for the maximum positive roots, Bolzano Theorem for the maximum roots in the interval, Budan’s Theorem (sequence), and Sturm’s Theorem (sequence) for the exact numbers of positive real roots and their locations (intervals) where they lie and finally we solve a real problem using Newton-Raphson method for the approximate solution of the polynomial equation.

Citizen’s Charter and its Implementation in Biratnagar Metro-Politian City

Indira Devi Pasian, Hom Prasad Ghimire — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The citizen’s charter is a document which is the dedication of the government toward its citizens for improving the quality of services, information, choice of service, accountability & transparency of service providers etc. This article aims to explore the people’s knowledge of the citizen’s charter and the quality of service provided by Biratnagar Metropolitan City. Purposive sampling was done for analysis using an interview with 10 service receivers. The deputy mayor and some officials of the metropolis were also interviewed as the service provider. The qualitative method is used in data analysis. Due to the lack of education and awareness of the citizens and the charter being traditional, not updated and not regularly kept in the office, most of the service receivers had little knowledge about the charter. Only a few respondents with good knowledge said that the citizen’s charter was a source of information and commitment of the government to service delivery. Regarding service delivery, the receivers added that service quality by metropolis had slightly improved but not in the spirit of the citizen’s charter and had become faster and easier after federalism and local election. The authority of the metropolis claimed that they were always responsible and accountable for providing quality service to local people. On the contrary, the city charter, which was supposed to be updated by the metropolis, has not been placed in the office premises within six months of the research duration and has raised questions about the service delivery. The receivers are still lacking knowledge about the concept of the citizen’s charter, its importance, and the contents of the charter. The service quality of the metropolis is not met as per the norms of the charter. Local government should be responsible towards people to make its services people-oriented. The provisions mentioned in the citizen’s charter should be followed literally by the state. The government must be accountable and transparent. The government should also create awareness about charter among the people. The charter’s commitments should be translated into action to make it effective.

Socio-economic Impact and Adapting Strategies of Inter Basin Transfer by Kulekhani Hydro-electricity Project Nepal

Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This paper tries to assess the changes in socio-economic conditions in downstream dewatered area from Kulekhani dam after inter-basin transfer of river water from Kulekhani basin to Rapti basin since 1982. After decline in crop productivity because of decline in irrigation particularly during winter season, livelihood options are affected. Downstream people are depending for water on different resources such as natural springs; tap etc. Traditional water mills are either non-functioning or its efficiency is declined due to decline in water availability. Out of 16, 9 water mills have been closed, remaining are hardly conducting. Almost 90% fishes have decreased and some species of fishes have disappeared from the river therefore, Fishermen who were economically dependent on fishing activities have forced to replace their traditional fishing occupation. People have felt new experiences such as temperature increased and appearance of mosquitoes. Upper reach has almost completely dried but lower reach has little water available in the river because of its tributaries thus upper reach is more effected than lower reach. The risk of artificial uncertain flood due to high dam may burst by natural or unnatural forces and during the period of opening dam gates due to overflow, as there are no enough early warning systems developed particularly at the time of opening the dam gates, the unexpected risk has increased in downstream area.

Teachers’ Perceptions on BA First-Year Compulsory English Syllabus and the Textbooks in Tribhuvan University

Mahendra Kumar Budhathoki — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Syllabus designers usually ignore the views and perceptions of the teachers while constructing the courses: but they need to explore and analyse the teachers’ perceptions towards syllabus and textbooks to make the course more advance. The purpose of the research study explores teachers’ perceptions on BA first year compulsory English syllabus and the textbooks prescribed in Tribhuvan University. This study aims to investigate how English teachers has viewed the compulsory English syllabus and the textbooks prescribed from the perspectives of teaching learning English language and communicative skills, and assessed the syllabus on the basis of components of syllabus design. The study deployed the qualitative approach through interviews to inquiry the required information from the selected teachers; four English teachers who have taught the syllabus and textbooks were interviewed with purposive sampling from the constituent campuses TU of Kathmandu Valley. The major findings of this study were as follows in course design: First, the analysis of needs of students and targeted job markets were not considered. Second, the course designers included only writing critical essays through reading but ignored other writings and language skills like listening, speaking, reading and communicative skills. Third, the teachers agreed that syllabus designers never consulted with faculty and students while reconstructing the syllabus. Fourth, the contents of the syllabus were designed as in the textbooks. Fifth, the teaching pedagogies were not suggested, but the teachers expected it. They suggested that the syllabus should bridge the gap between schooling education and BA first year education, and address real life and target professional needs. Based on these findings, other researchers can extend and re-examine the findings of this study, and syllabus designers will incorporate the ignored English language and communicative skills in future syllabus. Although such research seems money and time consuming, later it will be rewarding after identifying the syllabus’s effect.

Legal System Practices of Local Bodies in Federal Governance

Nagaraj Bhattarai — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The rule of law is the most important concept of modern democratic governance. Through its successful and effective practice, democracy can be made beautiful and alive. Therefore, legal system become the soul of constitutionalism, good governance and human rights. In this context, this study examines legal system practices of Likhu rural municipality of Nuwakot district through document analysis and review method. The study found dilemma among the local Politicians or elected representatives. For them is it still a local government or a division of the provincial and federal administrations at the municipal level? However, it is seldom given much thought that municipal governments have power in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The constitution contains a framework for allocating power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of a government. Nepal's local government practices of the legal system over various time periods.

On the Role of Scorers in Curbing Examination Malpractices

Netra Prasad Sharma, Kamal Kumar Poudel — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Examination malpractices as a phenomenon cross the boundaries set by time and geography and are often an issue in Nepal as well generating a considerable amount of discourse amongst students, teachers, parents and all the concerned. In theory, subjective testing does allow scorers the room for the play of their personal judgement. Nonetheless, a thread of argument prevails in the Nepalese academic circle, the argument attempting to curtail the judgement of scorers stating that scorers are obliged to award scores for what answer sheets contain and that they lack any right to judge whether or not the examinee performances might be the result of one or the other kind of malpractices that are also the product of the dereliction of invigilators and other test administration staff responsible for overseeing the performance of examinees. This paper follows this argument and endeavors to supply evidence for reinforcing the counter-argument that stands equally strong – the argument advocating the scorer right to judge and treat any malpractices evident in examinee performances. This right is conceived as one of the effective measures to curb examinee malpractices. For this, it supplies the justification for the exercise of scorer right, if formally and explicitly conferred on scorers, to treat the instances of examinee malpractices that are evident in the answer sheets of examinees.

Analysis of Public Expenditure Policy Regime and Its Relationship with Economic Growth over Different Political Regimes of Nepal

Raghu Bir Bista, Bishnu Bahadur Khatri — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes trend and pattern of public expenditure and relationship with economic growth in Nepal by using descriptive, trend, ratio and correlation method based on secondary data from 1975 to 2019. As a result, a trend of recurrent expenditure (RE) is inclining with positive growth, a trend of government expenditure (GE) is also inclining. However, it is different in case of capital expenditure (CE) because of consistent trend. Recurrent expenditure is unnecessarily expansionary but capital expenditure is unnecessarily contractionary. Recurrent expenditure (RE) is positively correlated with Government expenditure (GE) and capital expenditure (CE) is negatively correlated with Government expenditure (GE). It shows the expansionary budgetary policy doesn’t influence on CE but can be seen in GE and RE. Lastly, the annual positive change of regular expenditure in the share of public expenditure is higher than in the share of GDP. Whereas, the annual negative change of capital expenditure in the share of public expenditure is higher than in the share of GDP. Thus, uncontrolled expansionary regular expenditure and unnecessarily contractionary capital expenditure are big issues to macro-economic stability and higher economic growth of Nepal. This paper is expected to contribute to understand public expenditure and its linkage with economic growth and to formulate public expenditure framework.

Impact of Solid Waste Management on Environment (An Overview of Shahidnagar Municipality, Dhanusha, Nepal)

Susmita Gautam — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This paper focused on current practice, awareness, and impact of solid waste management on environment, in Shahidnagar Municipality of Dhanusha district. Due to lack of proper baseline information, lack of understanding of public willingness and lack of proper fitting and doable planning, waste collection, disposal and recycling have been problematic in study area. Solid waste management has been emerged as a major challenge as they don’t have any proper landfill site and waste collection facility. The study mainly designed in an exploratory and descriptive framework as it attempts to explore, investigate, and describe the relation between socioeconomic condition and SWM (solid waste management) issues with special emphasis on current practice and impact on environment. Many factors are seen affecting solid waste management system like institutional factor, social factor, economical factor, technical factor, and environmental factor. So, the study recommends concerned stakeholders to prepare an appropriate plan to manage solid wastages. Reduce, reuse, and recycle concept should be promoted to generate income through wastage. Awareness activity, public-private partnership should be raised to stop current poor practices of solid waste management.

A Review on the Status of Determinants in Tourism Policy

Tika Raj Kaini, Sahadev Gautam, Asim Thapa — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the settings, conditions, and practices of tourism policy through descriptive and analytical methods. One important area of Nepali public policy is tourism. Government is the body responsible for developing, implementing, and gathering feedback on new and updated tourist policies. One of the key components of tourism is the private sector. The distinction is that while the private sector develops its plans for profit maximization, government formulates tourist policy, which is also a matter of public policy. Therefore, tourist policy is a service-oriented policy; a significant amount of input from many sources is a prerequisite for tourism policy. This article explores the conditions and policy practices in the tourist sector using secondary data. Tourists might experience pleasure in Nepal, which is a mysterious location. A more legal structure is required for managing unusual objects.

The Bhagavad Gītā: A Combative Text

Tilak Bahadur Khatri — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This research article deals with the action-oriented (karmayogic) commentaries of the Bhagavad Gītā given by some of the major commentators in nineteenth-century India. The study is relevant to understanding the text's karmayogic dimension and practical value. The article addresses the research problems concerning the karmayogic interpretations of the text and their pragmatic value in social transformation. Does the scripture teach humanity the value of action/karma in this cosmic world? Do the karmayogic teachings of the scripture have pragmatic value to bring specific social change? The article seeks answers to the aforementioned research questions through the review-based analysis of the text's karmayogic commentaries of some of the well-known nineteenth-century Indian commentators. The study has included the commentaries of Bankim, Vivekananda, Tilak, Gandhi, Aurobindo, and Vinoba. The study reveals that the above commentators of the Gītā discover the seeds of karma-yoga in the text and the majority of the commentators see the text's pragmatic value in bringing social change. Most of the above nineteenth-century Indian commentators view the scripture as a combative text and employ it as a potent weapon in the struggle against British colonialism.

वैदिक दर्शनमा आनन्द (सुख) को स्वरूप(Form of Ananda (happiness) in Vedic philosophy)

गोविन्दशरण उपाध्याय — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

सुख, खुसी तथा आनन्द – यी प्रचलित शब्द हुन् , सुखले भौतिक शरीरको, खुसीले मनको र आनन्दले आत्माका गुणहरूको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्छन् ः यो वैदिक बुझाइ हो । साधारण रूपमा सुन्दा र प्रयोग गर्दा पर्यायवाचीजस्ता प्रतीत भए पनि वैदिक ऋषिमुनि र आचार्यहरूले उपर्युक्त तिनै विषयवस्तुहरूलाई फरकफरक रूपमा साक्षात्कार गरेका छन् र साक्षात्कारका विधिहरू समेतको विशद चर्चापरिचर्चा गरेका छन् । उपनिषद्हरूले जीवनको प्राथमिक लक्ष्य सुखप्राप्ति, दोस्रो लक्ष्य सुख (रस) प्राप्ति र अन्तिम लक्ष्य नै आनन्द–प्राप्तिको बाटो तोकेका छन् । यो लक्ष्यलाई कसैले आनन्द, कसैले पूर्णता, कसैले मोक्ष, कसैले, मुक्ति, कसैले परमज्ञान, कसैले निर्वाण, कसैले ब्रह्मैकत्व र कसैले अभयपदको प्राप्ति भनेका छन् । भौतिक सुख, मानसिक रस र आध्यात्मिक उत्सवका रूपमा परमानन्द वा ब्रह्मानन्दको प्राप्तिका लागि कर्म, ज्ञान र भक्ति यी तीनवटा मार्गहरू पूर्वनिश्चित छन् । जीवले आफ्नो अभिमुखीकरणका आधारमा उपर्युक्त तीनमध्ये एउटा बाटोमा आफूलाई निमज्ज गर्छ र आनन्दको लक्ष्य प्राप्त गर्छ ्र भूमा–सुखको प्राप्तिको लागि हरेक जीवले स्वतन्त्र रूपमा शारीरिक सुख, मानसिक खुसी (रस) का खुड्किलाहरू पार गर्नैपर्छ । आनन्द तेस्रो खुड्किलो हो, जहाँबाट खुड्किलाहरूको सधैँका लागि अवशान हुन्छ । निःसन्देह, दर्शनशास्त्री तथा मनोवैज्ञानिकहरूले भूमा–सुखका विषयमा चर्चा गरेका छन् तथापि शरीर र तथा मनभन्दा माथिल्लो तहको पूर्णआनन्दका विषयमा उपनिषद्हरूले बढी चर्चा गरेका छन् । शरीर र मनको सुख त महत्त्वपूर्ण छन् नै । त्यसभन्दा पनि बढी महत्त्वपूर्ण आत्माको सुख (आनन्द) छ भन्ने विषयको प्रतिष्ठा यस अनुसन्धान आलेखले स्थापित गर्ने प्रयास गरेको छ ।

नेपाली उपन्यासमा रचना–प्रक्रियाको विषयकरण (Thematization of composition-process in Nepali)

जीवन श्रेष्ठ — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

उपन्यास लेखनका क्रममा गरिने समग्र क्रियाकलापहरूरचना–प्रक्रिया हुन् । परम्परागत रूपमा यसलाई उपन्यासबाहिरको सन्दर्भ वा रचना–गर्भ मानिएको भए पनि पछिल्लो समय यस प्रक्रियालाई नै विषय बनाएर उपन्यास रचना भएका छन् । यस समयमा उपन्यासकारमा उपन्यास सृजनाको मानसिकता निर्माण भएको प्रसङ्गसहित लेखन र प्रकाशनसम्मका समग्र प्रक्रियालाई नै विषय बनाएर लेख्ने प्रवृत्ति देखापरिरहेको छ । यसलाई उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी आख्यानको एउटा विशेषता मानिन्छ । रचना–प्रक्रियाको विषयकरणले आख्यानबाहिरको यथार्थलाई आख्यानभित्रको काल्पनिक संसारमा प्रस्तुत गरी यथार्थ र कल्पनाबिचको भेद मेटाउँछ तर यसबाट पाठकमा एक प्रकारको भ्रम सिर्जना हुन्छ, जसलाई उत्तरआधुनितावादले यथार्थका रूपमा स्वीकार गर्दछ । यसले परम्परागत औपन्यासिक संरचनालाई भञ्जन गरी नवीन आख्यान संरचना निर्माण गर्दछ ।नेपालीमा रचना गरिएका यस प्रवृत्तिका उपन्यासहरूको खोजी र गहन अध्ययन हुन सकेको छैन । यस सन्दर्भमा रचना–प्रक्रियाको विषयकरणको सैद्धान्तिक आधार के–कस्तो रहेको छ र नेपाली उपन्यासमा रचना–प्रक्रियाको अनुकरण कसरी गरिएको छ भन्ने समस्यामा केन्द्रित भएर यो अनुसन्धान गरिएको छ ।यसका लागि उपन्यासको विषयसम्बन्धी सैद्धान्तिक मान्यताका आधारमा नेपाली उपन्यासको अध्ययन गरी रचना–प्रक्रियालाई विषयकरण गरिएका उपन्यासहरूको खोजी गरिएको छ ।ध्रुवचन्द्र गौतम र ध्रुव सापकोटाको ‘ज्यागा’(२०५०), राजेन्द्र पराजुलीको ‘अनायिका’(२०६३), टङ्कप्रसाद चौलागाईंको ‘कथाको खोजी’ (२०६४) र राजवको ‘बेकारीमा उपन्यास’(२०६९) आदि उपन्यासमा रचना–प्रक्रियाको विषयकरण गरिएको छ । यस प्रकारकाउपन्यासले नवीन विषयको खोजी गरी उपन्यासलाई काल्पनिक संसारबाट वास्तविक जीवनको यथार्थ संसारमा ल्याउने प्रयास गरेको छ । यसको परिणामस्वरूप यथार्थ र कल्पनाको भेद समाप्त भई भ्रम सिर्जना भएको छ । यस्तो लेखन उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी चिन्तनबाट प्रभावित भएकाले यसले उपन्यासको परम्परागत विधागत संरचना तथा अवधारणालाई भञ्जन गरी नवीन संरचना निर्माण पनि गरेको छ ।यसले नेपाली उपन्यासलाई प्रयोगको एउटा नयाँ मोडमा पु¥याएको भए पनि उपन्यास विधालाई जीवन र समाजको यथार्थबाट बिमुख गराएको छ ।

‘रमन क्रिस्तान भयो ?’ कथामा संसक्ति व्यवस्था (Sansakti arrangement in the story 'Raman became a Christian?')

टीकाराम नेपाल — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुत लेख सङ्कथन विश्लेषणअन्तर्गत संसक्ति व्यवस्थामा केन्द्रित छ । अमेरिकाली भाषा वैज्ञानिक जेलिग ह्यारिसले सर्वप्रथम सङ्कथनलाई भाषा विज्ञानका क्षेत्रमा प्रयोग गरेको पाइन्छ । संसक्ति व्यवस्था सङ्कथन विश्लेषणको महŒवपूर्ण आधार हो । रमन क्रिस्तान भयो ? कथा प्रदीप नेपालले लेखेका हुन् । धर्म परिवर्तनले पनि जातीय छुवाछुतको संस्कारलाई रोक्न नसकेको विषयवस्तु रहेको यस कथामा मानव धर्म नै सर्वोपरि हुने भाव व्यक्त गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा यस कथालाई संसक्ति व्यवस्थाका दृष्टिले अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यहाँ व्याकरणिक संसक्तिभित्र सन्दर्भन, प्रतिस्थापन, लोप र संयोजनलाई लिइएको छ भने कोशीय संसक्तिमा पुनरावृत्ति, समानार्थकता÷पर्यायता, विपरीतार्थकता, समावेशी–समावेश्य र अनेकार्थीलाई विश्लेषणको आधार मानिएको छ । उपर्युक्त आधारबाट विश्लेषण गर्दा संसक्ति व्यवस्थाका दृष्टिले प्रस्तुत कथा सशक्त र प्रभावकारी रहेको निष्कर्ष यस लेखमा निकालिएको छ ।

भाषिक परिवर्तनको अध्ययन (A study of linguistic change)

दावा शेर्पा — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

संसारका कुनै पनि जीवित भाषाका भाषिक ध्वनि, शब्द, पद, वाक्य र अर्थमा परिवर्तन हुन्छ । ग्रिम नियमअनुसार मूल भारोपली भाषाका घोष अल्पप्राण व्यञ्जन ग, द, ब जर्मनिक भाषामा अघोष अल्पप्राण क, त, प, मा घोष महाप्राण घ, ध, भ जर्मनिक भाषाका ग, द, ब, मा अघोष अल्पप्राण क, त, प जर्मनिक भाषाका सङ्घर्षी अघोष महाप्राण ख, (ह), थ, फ र घ, ध, भ,मा परिवर्तन हुन्छ । भाषिक ध्वनि परिवर्तन समीभवन, विषमीभवन, विपर्यास, आगम र लोप प्रक्रियाबाट हुन्छ । प्रगत समीभवनः संस्कृतमा अग्नि > प्राकृतमा अग्गो > आगो, भई ग् ई न्, मा समीभूत भएको छ । परागत समीभवनः भक्त > प्राकृतमा भत्त > भात, पारस्परिक समीभवनः अद्य > प्राकृतमा अज्ज (आज) भई ध्वनि परिवर्तन भएका छन् । विषमीभवनः पिशाच > पिचास, विपर्यासः विरामी > विमारी । आगमः स्कुल > इस्कुल । त्यसैगरी पहिले छोरीलाई ‘चेली’ भनिन्थ्यो तर आजभोलि दिदी, बहिनी र छोरीलाई ‘चेली’ भन्नु अर्थविस्तार हो । पहिले ‘मरिच’ शब्दले पिरो पदार्थलाई जनाउँथ्यो तर हाल आएर खास पिरो पदार्थ मात्र जनाउनु अर्थसङ्कोच हो भने सुखिमवासीको अर्थ नेपालबाट सुखिम वा सिक्किम गएर बस्ने हुन्थ्यो तर हाल आएर जायजेथा नभएको सुकुमवासी हुनु अर्थान्तर हो । आइन्छ > ‘जाइन्छ’ > ‘गइन्छ’ हुनु व्याकरणिक परिवर्तन वा सादृश्य हो । लोपः उपाध्याय > पाध्या । घोषीभवनः काक > काग, । अघोषीभवनः सबै > सपै, । महाप्राणभवनः कर्पार > खप्पर, र अल्पप्राणभवनः बुढो > बुडो, आदि ।

‘नासो’ कथाभित्र पितृसत्ताको प्रभुत्वमा नारीचेतनाको स्तर (The level of women's consciousness under the dominance of patriarchy within the story of 'Naso')

प्रभा मरहट्टा — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

साहित्य समाजको प्रतिबिम्ब हो । यथार्थवादी कथामा समाजका यर्थाथ विवरण आउने हुँदा समकालीन समाजका स्थिति, परिवेश तथा मूल्य मान्यताहरू स्पष्ट आएका हुन्छन् । नासो कथा नारीपात्र सुभद्रालाई केन्द्रीय भूमिका दिइृ रचना गरिएको आदर्शोन्मुख यथार्थवादी कथा हो । यस कथामा पितृसत्ताका आडमा नारीहरुमाथि गरिएका अन्याय, शोषण, दमनलाई छोपेर आादर्श नारी कस्ता हुन्छन् देखाउन खोजिएको छ । तर यथार्थको छिद्रबाट खोतलेर उनीहरुमाथि गरिएका शोषण, दमन, विभेद, हिंसा सजिलै अध्ययन गर्न सकिने हुँदा नारीवादी दृष्टिकोणबाट पितृसत्ताको प्रभुत्व र नारीचेतनालाई अध्ययनको केन्द्रविन्दु बनाइएको छ । पुरुषवर्गको प्रभुत्व रहेको नारी दमनकारी पितृसत्तात्मक परिवेश रहेको नासो कथामा नारीहरूप्रतिको दृष्टिकोण कथाका घटनाहरू र पात्रहरूका व्यवहारबाट अनुमान लगाउन सकिन्छ । आजभन्दा करिब असी वर्षअगाडि रचना गरिएको ‘नासो’ कथाको परिवेश हेर्दा वर्तमान परिवेशसम्म पनि नारीहरूमाथि गरिने दमन, शोषण, हत्या र हिंसाका शृङ्खलाहरू जस्ताको त्यस्तै रहेको देखिन्छ । जतिसुकै क्षमतावान् भए पनि वा जुनसुकै पद र प्रतिष्ठामा रहे पनि नारीहरूलाई नरकै मूल्यका वरिपरि घुमाएर कठपुतली बनाउने सामाजिक तथा पारिवारिक प्रवृत्ति यथावत रहेको छ । पितृसत्ताको आडमा पुरुष वर्गमा हुर्किएको पौरुष्य अहङ्कार तथा हेपाहा प्रवृत्ति यथावत छ । नारीहरूले आफ्ना हक, हितका पक्ष बोल्ने तथा सकेसम्म सचेत हुने प्रयास गर्दागर्दै पनि पितृसत्ताका हतियार तथा मतियार बनेका धर्म, संस्कार, नीति, शिक्षा, चेतना संयन्त्रका कारण नारीहरू कानुनी रूपमा स्थापित अधिकार प्रयोग गर्न पनि नसक्ने बनाइएका वा विविध प्रपञ्च सिर्जना गरी नदिने स्थिति सिर्जना गरिएका कारण निरीह हुनु पर्ने परिवेश छ । यस अध्ययनबाट पितृसत्ताले नारीहरूलाई मान्छेमा रूपमा नै नहेरी सदियौंदेखि पशुवत व्यवहार गर्दै आएको थियो र अझै त्यसको अवशेष बाँकी छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

सांस्कृतिक आलोकमा ‘अविरल बग्दछ इन्द्रावती’ उपन्यासको विवेचना (Analysis of the novel 'Aviral Baghydya Indravati' in the cultural light)

विष्णुप्रभा उपाध्याय — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुत शोधलेख रमेश विकलद्वारा लेखिएको ‘अविरल बग्दछ इन्द्रावती’ उपन्यास (२०४०) मा चित्रित सांस्कृतिक पक्षसँग सम्बद्ध छ । यसमा इन्दावती नदी किनाराका समुदाय र विशेष गरी माझी जातिको सामाजिकस्थान, रहनसहन, भेषभूषा, आम्दानीको स्रोत, अधिकार उपयोग जस्ता विविध पक्षको अध्ययन र विश्लेषण गरी त्यहाँको सांस्कृतिक पक्ष केलाउने प्रयत्न गरिएको छ । संस्कृति परम्परादेखि मानव व्यवहारबाटै निर्मित हुँदै आएको पाइन्छ । संस्कृतिमा परम्परादेखि प्रचलित मूल्य–मान्यताहरूका साथै बदलिँदो परिवेशसँगै सृजित नवीन व्यवहारसमेत थपिँदै जान्छन् । यस लेखमा ‘अविरल बग्दछ इन्द्रावती’ उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत विषयवस्तुमा आधारित भएर राजनीतिक शक्तिका आडमा उन्मत्त सामन्ती वर्गको क्रूर र आततायी व्यवहार सहँदै आएका निर्धाहरू अन्यायकाविरुद्धमा आवाज उठाउँदै आफ्नो अधिकार प्राप्त गर्ने हिम्मत देखाएको अवस्थाले सामन्तको अधोगति र निर्धाहरू सङ्गठित भई सशक्त हुँदै आएको सङ्क्रमणकालीन अवस्थामा देखिने विभिन्न सांस्कृतिक रूपहरूको खोजी गरी समयको गतिसँगैसांस्कृतिक स्वरूप पनि परिवर्तन हुँदै जान्छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

‘पछबरिया टोल’ कथामा सांस्कृतिक स्वरूप (Cultural form in the story 'Pachbaria Tol')

शारदा लामिछाने — Sat, 31 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुतआलेखमाऋषिराज बरालको‘पछबरिया टोल’कथामासांस्कृतिकसैद्धान्तिक मान्यताकाआधारमा राजनीतिकसंस्कृतिको उद्घाटन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनले समाज, साहित्य र संस्कृतिकाबिचको सम्बन्धलाई स्पष्ट पार्नुका साथै समाजविकासको कुनै कालखण्डको यथार्थलाई पनि प्रस्तुत गर्ने प्रयास गरेको छ ।यसमापछबरिया टोल कथामा वर्णन गरिएको पूर्वी तराईको दक्षिण सीमावर्ती क्षेत्रमा बस्ने शोषित र उपेक्षितमधेशी समुदायमाहुने गैरलोकतान्त्रिकचुनावीगतिविधिलाई उद्घाटन गर्नुका साथै नेपाली समाजकाप्रभुत्वशालीवर्गद्वारा अधीनस्थवर्गमाथि गरिने अन्याय, अत्याचार, शोषण, उत्पीडनको अवस्थालाई चित्रण गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो ।प्रस्तुतलेख तयार पार्नका लागिआवश्यक सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयविधिको उपयोग गरी प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट गरिएको छ भने सांस्कृतिकअध्ययन पद्धतिको निर्माण गरी वर्गगत संस्कृति, राजनीतिक संस्कृति, परिवेशगत संस्कृति, प्रभुत्व र प्रतिरोधको अवस्थालाई विश्लेषणको आधार बनाइएको छ ।मूलधारको संस्कृतिले परिधीय संस्कृतिमाथि प्रभुत्व कायम राख्न अनेकौँषडयन्त्र र जालझेल गर्ने गर्दछ र परिधीय संस्कृतिले पनिप्रभुत्वशाली संस्कृतिकाविरुद्धमा बिस्तारै अवाजउठाउन थालेका छन् भन्ने नै प्रस्तुत लेखको मूलनिष्कर्ष हो ।