नेपालमा राष्ट्रियसभाको संरचनात्मक अवधारणा र औचित्य {Structural concept and justification of National Assembly in Nepal}

Abstract

दोस्रो सदन, जेष्ठहरूको सदन, माथिल्लो सदन, राष्ट्रियसभा, सिनेट आदि नामले चिनिने यो सदन१९३ ओटा देशहरूमध्ये ७९ ओटा देशमा छ । विशेषतः सङ्घीयता भएका देशहरूले भौगोलिक प्रतिनिधत्व, जातीय प्रतिनिधित्व आदिलाई सन्तुलित गर्नलाई र पहिलो सदनले हतार र जनप्रिय बन्ने नाममा गर्नसक्ने गल्तीहरूलाई सच्याउन यो सदनको व्यवस्था गरेको पाइन्छ । अमेरिकी सिनेटमा महाअभियोग पारित गर्ने, युद्धको घोषणा गर्ने, सन्धि–सम्झौता अनुमोदन गर्ने जस्ता अधिकार रहेका छन् । अर्जेन्टिना, अस्ट्रेलिया, ब्राजिल र स्विसका माथिल्लो सदनसँग सबै कानुनहरूमा निरपेक्ष भिटो छ । जर्मनीको माथिल्लो सदनले ल्यान्डरलाई असर गर्ने मामिलामा निरपेक्ष भिटो र अन्य मामिलामा निलम्बन भिटो प्रयोग गर्दछ । अस्ट्रिया, मलेसिया र स्पेनका माथिल्ला सदनमा निलम्बित भिटो रहेको छ । इथोपियन हाउसलाई सामान्य कानुनमा कुनै भूमिका खेल्दैन तर संविधानले राज्यलाई वित्तीय विनियोजनका आधारमा बजेट अस्वीकार गर्ने, राज्यहरूबिचको विवाद समाधान र संविधानको अन्तिम व्याख्याताको भूमिका दिएको छ । बेल्जियमको सिनेटलाई सङ्घीय प्रणालीलाई असर गर्नसक्ने कुनै पनि विषयमा भिटो प्रयोगको अधिकार रहेको छ । भारतको माथिल्लो सदनबाटै इन्दिरागान्धी र मनमोहन सिंह जस्ता हस्तीहरू प्रधानमन्त्री बनेको इतिहास छ । गुणात्मक विधिको प्रयोग भएको यो लेख द्वितीय स्रोतमा आधारित छ । मूलतः विवरणात्मक, व्याख्यात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिमार्फत अध्ययन गरिएको छ । केन्द्रीकृत शासन संरचनामा चलिरहेको नेपाल सङ्घात्मक संरचनामा रूपान्तरण भइसक्दा अन्य सङ्घात्मक मुलुकहरूले माथिल्लो सदनलाई जुन हैसियत प्रदान गरेका छन्, नेपालको माथिल्लो सदनले सोही हैसियत पाएको छ कि उही पुरानो केन्द्रीकृत मानसिकतामा नै राखिएको छ भनी खोज्ने काम यस लेखमा गरिएको छ । महाअभियोग जस्तो संवेदनशील विषयमा प्रतिनिधिसभा सरह अधिकार नदिँदा प्रधान न्यायाधीशमाथि उठेको महाअभियोगको मुद्दा अन्योलमा परेको छ । गम्भीर र संवेदनशील विषयमा माथिल्लो सदनलाई निरीह बनाएर कस्तो व्यवस्थापिकाको कल्पना गरिएको होला ? नेपाल जस्ता मुलुकका माथिल्ला सदन केवल आफ्ना कार्यकर्ता पाल्ने भर्तीकेन्द्र बनेका छन् भन्ने गम्भीर आरोप लागेको पाइन्छ ।

{This House, known as the Second House, the House of Elders, the Upper House, the National Assembly, the Senate, etc., has a presence in 79 out of 193 countries. Significantly, countries with special federalism have arranged this House to balance geographic representation, ethnic representation, etc.., and to correct the flaws that the First House may make in the name of being hurried and popular. The United States Senate has the full authority to impeach, declare war, and ratify treaties. The upper chambers of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, and Switzerland have an absolute right to veto all laws. The Upper House of Germany exercises an absolute right of veto on questions concerning the Länder and the suspension of the right of veto on other questions. Similarly, Austria, Malaysia, and Spain also have suspended vetoes in their Senate. The Ethiopian House, on the other hand, does not have any role in ordinary law, however, is given the role of rejecting budgets based on financial allocations to states, resolving disputes between states, and being the final interpreter of the constitution. The Belgian Senate has veto power over any matter likely to affect the federal system. There are figures like Indira Gandhi and Manmohan Singh who became prime ministers from the upper house in India's history of parliament. Basically, in this article, descriptive, explanatory, and analytical studies have been done and it uses a qualitative strategy based on secondary sources. Nepal, which is running in a centralized governance structure, has been transformed into a federal structure. In this article, an attempt has been made to find out whether the upper house of Nepal has got the same status as the upper house of other federal countries like the USA, Germany, Switzerland, and so on, or whatever is kept in the old centralized mindset. The issue of impeachment raised against the Chief Justice has become confusing due to the fact that the Upper House does not give the same authority to a sensitive matter like impeachment. What kind of legislature has been envisioned  237by making the upper house innocent in serious and sensitive matters? There is a serious allegation that the upper house of countries like Nepal has only become recruitment center to groom its own party members. In some circumstances, the upper house's position and dignity would be elevated and a case would be made for it if it were decided that it would carry out all of its duties in the absence of a lower house.}