Sudurpaschim Spectrum

Construction of Attitude Scale: Attitude of Schoolteachers Towards Teaching Profession

2024-03-01T15:26:24+00:00

The progress of the nation is based on the competencies of the citizens, and the overall development of the person depends on the effectiveness of the educational system implemented in the country. The teacher is a key factor in the implementation of educational programs. Without a favorable attitude toward the teaching profession, teachers cannot do well in the teaching profession. Regarding this context, this study was conducted to construct an attitude scale to measure the attitude of schoolteachers towards the teaching profession. Steps of standardization of the test were adopted to construct a reliable and valid tool. Piloting was made in the Indo-Nepalese context. A quantitative research design was used in this study. A draft of 50 statements was designed, and 40 were selected on the basis of expert judgment. A sample of 374 schoolteachers from five districts of Nepal and India was selected using a random sampling technique. Eight statements were rejected based on item analysis and respondents' suggestions. A standardized attitude scale was developed comprising 32 statements, which were again categorized into eight factors on the basis of factor analysis. Various reliability coefficients ranging from .80 to .87 were found. For interpretation of the results, z-score and percentile norms were developed. This test will be beneficial to researchers who are interested in identifying the attitudes of schoolteachers in the Indo-Nepalese context.

Dialectics of Opportunities and Challenges in Disciplinary Shifting of ‘Rural Development’ into ‘Development Studies’

2024-03-01T15:32:04+00:00

This paper aims to discuss the emerging trend and scope of Development Studies as an academic discipline. Methodologically, the paper is based on secondary sources of data. A comparative and argumentative method has been followed in a continuum approach to Rural Development and Development Studies. It argues that conventional particularistic approaches to development are being upgraded in the more general domain of Development Studies. Therefore, going with some national and international trends of studies in both disciplines, this paper offers a strong recommendation for the adoption of Development Studies with exploration and extended continuity of Rural Development. The paper does not, however, conclude with the immortality of the discipline of Development Studies but stands with its continuous evolution and contestation. Taking the reference of Nepal, the paper has highlighted different issues, opportunities, and challenges of such shifting in terms of quality of the program, courses and faculties, career and exposure, and research potential and policy dilemma. The paper is expected to contribute to the studies of different paradigms and discourses of development in their given contexts and conditions of socio-political realties.

Disparity, Empowerment and Female English Language Teacher in Higher Education Context in Bangladesh: A Narrative Inquiry

2024-03-01T15:36:59+00:00

The existing literature while highlighting learner empowerment, carefully gives less attention to the fact of empowering female teachers in adult English language teaching context. In most contexts worldwide teaching foreign languages is a feminine job (Ortiz &Serrano, 2020; Bashiruddin, 2018; Kollmayer et.al., 2020; Tindowen, 2019), and that mostly remains at a disadvantaged position as she works ‘within a network of power relations’. Hence it is very essential to scrutinize and understand the micro-dynamics of the female teacher’s journey of sense-making and her employment of coping strategies at the time and point of professional disempowerment. This in-depth narrative inquiry tries to investigate the issues that support a female teacher in empowering herself in professional landscapes. In this regard, I used the narrative inquiry research design and exploited semi-structured interviews with six female teachers to generate data to show how female teachers struggle(d) to achieve parity to empower themselves and their learners. Fraser’s (2008; 2009; 2012) notion of ‘participatory parity’ was used here as the theoretical ground to analyze the findings that empowerment is a theory of social change. The result has come out with the view that any attempt at school reform should be synonymous with the most active models of female teacher empowerment to advance student achievement, collegiality, and professional learning. This study thus contributes to the empowerment literature of female English language teachers in the higher education context.

Ethics of Memory in Manjushree Thapa’s Forget Kathmandu: An Elegy for Democracy

2024-03-01T15:47:35+00:00

This paper is an attempt to explore the ethical use of memory in Manjushree Thapa’s Forget Kathmandu: An Elegy for Democracy (2005). In her book, Thapa critically observes the history of Modern Nepal and recounts the experiences of her visits to the war-ravaged regions of the Mid-Western hills during the Maoist insurgency. The study analyzes the narrative data from the text to see how the narrator remembers the impact of “bad politics” and the Maoist insurgency on the common people of the hinterlands of Karnali region. For this purpose, the study applies the memory theory of Avishai Margalit from The Ethics of Memory (2004). Margalit claims that too much memory is detrimental to the health of an individual as well as a society; so such excessive memory of traumatic experiences should be narrated and ventilated to bring about forgiveness and reconciliation. The paper contends that Manjushree Thapa in the selected text ‘condemns’ historical foul plays, attempts to reveal the anxieties of excessive thoughts induced by ‘bad politics’ and the civil war, at individual and collective levels, and contributes to healing and recovery. It recommends bringing the suppressed communal feelings from the ‘social unconscious’ into public discussion leading it to ‘social catharsis’ and reparation. Literature can play this role as a medium that will help society come out of ‘poisonous feelings’ like anger, hatred, and revenge, which ultimately contributes to the prevention of the repetition of violence.

Ideological Polarization through Selective Exposure: Social Media Perspectives

2024-03-01T15:52:16+00:00

This study seeks to outline the problems of polarization caused by social media and its current scenarios. It involves the elaboration of some important questions, but the answers are still open and cannot be overlooked. The paper discussed how social media connects people freely and how everything is done with one click. In this regard, there are many polarization effects for like-mindedness choices that have been discussed here from a social-psychological point of view. This like-minded choice can lead to an idealistic polarization, and the extremities can grow between the two polarities of disgust and hatred. Selective exposure and ideological polarization have been gradually gaining academic attention recently. This study will show that most of the research on polarization has been focused on political polarization while ideological polarization being a much broader aspect, has not been paid an equal amount of attention. Several risky indicators that pose a danger to democratic societies have been also discussed in this paper as the consequence of ideological polarization. From a socio-psychological perspective, the topic of polarization is nothing new but the issue of polarization through selective exposure in social media is on the rise. Social scientists have always serious room to explore this arena.

Use of Drama to Enhance Speaking Skills of English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners

2024-03-01T16:08:17+00:00

This study delves into the transformative potential of Shakespearean drama staging in enhancing the speaking skills of English as a Second Language (ESL) learners in higher education. Employing a qualitative interpretive research paradigm and drawing on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the research utilizes semi-structured interviews as the primary tool to explore the experiences of teachers and students in a specific Department of English Language and Literature at a private university in Chattogram, Bangladesh. The findings illuminate the manifold benefits of drama, including heightened speaking confidence, improved teamwork, enhanced improvisational skills, and increased self-esteem. This study not only contributes valuable insights into the advantages of incorporating Shakespearean dramas in ESL settings but also establishes a foundation for future research in diverse contexts beyond national borders.

Using Chemical Fertilizer to Major Cereal Crops in Baijnath Tole, Bhimdutta Municipality-19, Kanchanpur

2024-03-01T16:14:49+00:00

The study, conducted in Baijnath tole, Bhimdatta municipality-19, Kanchanpur, Nepal, focuses on evaluating the impact of a chemical fertilizer pattern on major cereal crops, specifically paddy and wheat. Employing an empirical research with census survey method, the research investigates macronutrients, fertilizer sources, application rates, nutrient supply, and crop productivity. Data collected from 65 households using a semi structured questionnaire. By combining qualitative and quantitative data sources, it becomes evident that there has been a steady annual growth rate of around 12% in the utilization of chemical fertilizers for both paddy and wheat crops since the year 2075. This rise correlates with increased crop production, showing an average annual growth of 6% in paddy yields and a reversal of a 1% initial decrease in wheat, leading to a subsequent 4% annual increase over four years.

This research study contributes by providing insights into specific agronomic techniques connected to the use of chemical fertilizers on important grain crops in the area. If the research tackles unique difficulties or opportunities in the study area, it could provide useful information to local farmers and others. This could include soil types, climate conditions, and socioeconomic aspects. The study investigates the economic elements of chemical fertilizer use, taking into account issues such as input costs, farmer return on investment, and the overall economic impact on Nepalese agriculture. This study examines the impacts of chemical fertilizer use on soil health and the environment, taking into account factors such as soil fertility, nutrient runoff, and any environmental sustainability concerns. The study presents findings on how the use of chemical fertilizers affects the productivity of main cereal crops, as well as data on yield improvements, crop quality, and potential obstacles or constraints.

Contribution of Foreign Aid to the Economic Growth of Nepal

2024-03-01T16:21:11+00:00

Foreign aid is an important factor for the rapid economic development, growth, and fulfillment of resource gaps in developing countries like Nepal. This paper analyzes the contribution of foreign aid and other foreign inflows of capital like foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances to the GDP of Nepal. This paper examines the role of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nepal by using secondary time series data from 1996/97 to 2019/20. This paper also used the data series of the same period for trend analysis of foreign aid in Nepal. The secondary data obtained from the World Bank-World Development Indicator has been analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. This paper uses GDP as a dependent variable, foreign aid as a major independent variable, and FDI and remittances as supporting independent variables. The empirical results of this paper prove that there is a positive and significant relationship between GDP and foreign aid inflow to Nepal. The empirical results also prove that there is a positive and significant relationship between GDP and remittances. Similarly, there is also a positive and significant relationship between GDP and FDI.

Valorization of Violence in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart

2024-03-01T16:25:48+00:00

This paper excavates the valorization of violence in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart through the anthropological perspective of violence. Things Fall Apart explores the pre-colonial Igbo land of Umuofia, Nigeria. The Umuofian culture glorifies the violence very highly and people of Umuofia even legitimize the homicide in the name of masculinity. Their cultural practices encourage not only inter-cultural clash and conflict but intra-cultural violence between and among its members. The protagonist of the novel, Okonkwo, is a respected warrior and clan leader of Umuofia. He frequently exhibits violent acts: he kills a fifteen-year-old boy Ikemefuna to prove his masculinity; at Ezeudu's funeral, Okonkwo's gun explodes and kills Ezeudu's son; he then slaughters a court messenger and finally commits suicide. Furthermore, Okonkwo kills several people in inter-racial wars. He severely beats his wives and children; he often quarrels with neighbors and engages himself in fierce wrestling matches. Umuofians' associate violence with manliness and if a man fails to perform it, he is considered a woman. The present reading thus, attempts to unveil violence and its glorification in the name of culture, masculinity, ritual sacrifice, and other kinds of communally sanctioned violence.

Numerical Solution of Time-fractional BBMB Equation via LRPSM

2024-03-01T16:31:56+00:00

The time-fractional Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burger (BBMB) differential equation plays an important role in explaining the unidirectional propagation of long waves in definite nonlinear differential systems. This work presents an analytical numerical solution of considered equation by Laplace transform with residual power series method (LRPSM) which is a generalized Taylor series together with Laplace transform and the residual error function. Using the proposed approach, the series solution of this equation is obtained. The analytical numerical solution shows that the LRPSM is a reliable and powerful method for solving the time fractional differential equations (FDEs) with less number of terms. The obtained results of numerical solutions are also compared with the exact solution and presented as absolute errors at different time levels.

Decision Making Process of Tharu Women in Their Households, Bhimdatta Municipality, Kanchanpur

2024-03-01T16:38:23+00:00

This sociological study critically examines the decision-making process of Tharu women in the households of Bhimdatta Municipality, Kanchanpur, Far Western Nepal, with a keen focus on understanding the intricate interplay of sociocultural factors that shape and govern these dynamics, as well as Tharu women’s educational status and decision-making positions in their homes. Research used qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, as well as descriptive and exploratory research, including in-depth interviews and non-participant observations, to investigate the nuanced dimensions of decision-making roles assumed by Tharu women in their familial environments. We included 250 Tharu households. Data from 50 households were gathered to determine a 95% confidence level, 20% population percentage, and 10% margin of error. The study found that Tharu women face significant educational challenges, including limited school access, financial constraints, traditional gender roles, and early marriages, all of which have an impact on their academic advancement and personal development. As a result, the position of decision-making in the Tharu community is far lower than that of men. In the sociological framework, the research study adds to our understanding of gender roles and power dynamics in indigenous societies. This study has important implications for sociological theories about intersectionality, cultural resilience, and adaptation to changing societal norms. Furthermore, the study’s findings have implications for the establishment of more inclusive and culturally responsive policies targeted at promoting gender equity and empowerment in Tharu households and other similar sociocultural settings.

डोट्याली भाषाका कोटिकार शब्दहरूको अध्ययन {A study of Kotikar words in Dotali language}

2024-03-03T06:42:26+00:00

डोट्याली भाषा सात नं प्रदेशमा बोलिने इन्डो– आर्यन पहाडी मातृभाषा हो । यस लेखमा डोट्याली भाषाका संज्ञाबोधक कोटिकारहरूको सङ्कलन, वर्गीकरण गरिएको छ । नेपाली भाषामा कोटिकारहरूको अध्ययन भए पनि डोट्याली भाषामा कोटिकारहरूको अध्ययन नभएकाले यस लेखमा स्थलगत कार्यविधि अवलम्बन गरी विभिन्न कोटिकारहरूको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । जस्तैः एक जान लोगन्या मान्सु, एक जनि पुतारी । यहाँ ‘जना’ र ‘जनी’ ले मानवीय लिङ्ग भेद छुट्टयाएको छ भने मानवेतर नाममा निको फुलो झड्यो । निकी फुली झडी । निको, निकी र झड्यो, झडी शब्दले विशेषणका साथै क्रियापदमा समेत लिङ्गभेद देखाएको छ । कोटिकार संख्यावाचक शब्द र नामका बीचमा आउने विशेष शब्द हो । सुदूरपश् चिमका नेपाली मातृभाषाहरू लिङ्गभेदमा धनी छन् । मानवीय नाममा लिङ्गभेद छुट्टयाउन जना, जनी प्रयोग भएझैँ मानवेतर नाम (स्तनधारी)मा दुध खान प्रयोग हुने पोथी जनाउन धिन्वा र बाँझो गाई भैँसीका लागि बइल्या कोटिकार प्रयोग गरिन्छ । गोलाकार वस्तुजनाउन दान÷दानो, गेडो÷गेडा, कन्दमूलहरू जनाउन गानो/गान/गाना, सेलो÷सेला, स–साना चिजवस्तुहरू जनाउन चिरो, चनउलो, दिउलो, ब्याँ, कपाट्टो, कपुनो, टुकडो, लाम्चो चिजवस्तु जनाउन कोसोर तरल पदार्थ जनाउन फिको, छिटो, थोपो, तोपो, सिर्को, तउडो, फिर्कोआदि कोटिकारहरू प्रयोग गरेर गणनीय बनाइन्छ । पिठो, मसलाजस्ता मसिना चिजवस्तु जनाउन फाँक स्याउलाहरू जनाउन सउलो, सेटो, उखुलाई आँखलो, सोल्टो, भुतो, नौनी, अचार, घिउजस्ता खानेकुरालाई डल्लो, खेट्टो, चुरोट, सलाई, अगरबत्ती, बिडीजस्ता वस्तुजनाउन खण्डोर सल्काएको चुरोट, बिडी जनाउन फुक, सर्को तथा नुन, मिस्री, गुड जनाउन ढिको, खोडो, कुन्जोजस्ता कोटिकारहरूको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसरी डोट्याली भाषामा फरक–फरक चिजवस्तु जनाउन छेप्लो, चिरकिट्टो, धडो, चउडो, कुर्को, कुर्कुट्टो, चोइलो, तान÷ तानो,आँठो, मुठो, किरकिट्टो, किच्या, कित्या, कउल जस्ता थुप्रै कोटिकारहरूको प्रयोग गरिन्छ । यस लेखमा कोटिकारहरूलाई अध्ययनको विषय बनाई समग्रडोट्याली भाषाका कोटिकर शब्दहरूको संरक्षण एवम् सम्बर्द्धन हुनु आवश्यक छ भन्ने सोद्देश् यमूलक सार प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।

नेपालमा लोपोन्मुख भाषाहरूको स्थिति {Status of Endangered Languages in Nepal}

2024-03-03T06:54:25+00:00

प्रस्तुत आलेख नेपालका लोपोन्मुख भाषाहरूको स्थितिबारे अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । वि.सं. २०७८ को जनगणना अनुसार नेपालमा १२४ भाषाहरू प्रयोग व्यवहारमा रहेको तथ्याङ्क पाइन्छ । नेपालमा भाषाहरूबारे व्यवस्थित सर्वेक्षण नहुँदा भाषाहरूको स्थिति र सङ्ख्याहरूमा विश्वसनीयता नभए पनि यी तथ्याङ्कहरूमा नेपालमा २७ भन्दा बढी भाषाहरूका वक्ता सङ्ख्या कम देखिनुले धेरै भाषाहरू अपक्षयको स्थितिमा रहेको प्रष्ट हुन्छ । गैररैथाने भाषाहरूलाई समावेश नगर्ने हो भने पनि २१ जति भाषाहरू अत्यन्त लोपोन्मुख (मृतप्रायः) अवस्थामा रहेका छन् । लेख तयार पार्ने सन्दर्भमा मूलतः पुस्तकालयको उपयोग गरी सङ्कल्न गरिएका प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीहरूबाट प्राप्त तथ्यलाई तर्क , प्रमाण र उदाहरणका आधारमा वर्णनात्मक विधिद्वारा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । बहुभाषिक मुलुकमा भाषाबारे व्यवस्थित भाषानीति र योजना आवश्यक हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा पनि व्यवस्थित भाषायोजनाका प्रयास भए पनि लोपोन्मुख भाषाहरूको संरक्षण संवर्धनले आवश्यक गति लिन सकेको छैन । केही भाषाहरूको वर्णनिर्धारण, व्याकरण निर्माण, शब्दकोश निर्माण, पाठ सङ्कलन, इतिहास लेखनको काम भए पनि भाषा आयोग लगायतका भाषासँग सम्बन्धित सरकारी संस्थाहरूले अझै जिम्मेवारीका साथ लोपोन्मुख भाषाहरूको संरक्षण संवर्धन र विकासमा केन्द्रित हुनु पर्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

डोट्याली भाषाको वर्णव्यवस्था {Alphabet of Dotali language}

2024-03-03T10:51:30+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेख डोट्याली भाषाको व्याकरणव्यवस्थाको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । संस्कृतबाट प्राकृत र अपभ्रंश हुँदै विकसित भई कालीकर्णाली बिचको भूखण्डमा भाषिक व्यवहारमा प्रयुक्त भाषिक भेदहरूको समुच्चयलाई डोट्याली भाषाका रूपमा चिनिन्छ । केही विद्वान्हरू डोट्याली भाषलाई छुट्टै स्वतन्त्र भाषा नमानेर नेपाली भाषाकै भाषिका पनि मान्दछन् तर भाषावैज्ञानिक विश्लेषणका आधारमा हेर्दा डोट्याली भाषाको ध्वनिव्यवस्था, व्याकरणव्यवस्था, अर्थव्यवस्था र शब्दभण्डार नेपाली भाषाको भन्दा भिन्न रहेकाले डोट्याली नेपाली भाषाको भाषिका नभएर छुट्टै स्वतन्त्र भाषा हो भन्ने कुरा पुष्टि हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको छ । डोट्याली भाषाका वर्णको पहिचान र निर्धारण गर्ने क्रममा अध्ययनका लागि आधार सामग्रीका रूपमा आवश्यक पर्ने लघुतम युग्महरू मूलतः क्षेत्रकार्यबाट सङ्कलन गरिएका छन् । केही सामग्री पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट पनि सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । त्यस्तै गरी सिद्धान्तसम्बद्ध सामग्री पूर्ण रूपमा पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यसरी सङ्कलित सामग्रीलाई उदाहरणका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्दै निष्कर्षमा पुग्ने काम गरिएकाले सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गर्न आगमन विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । सामान्यतया मानकीकरण तथा स्तरीकरण हुन नसकेकाले हालसम्म पनि डोट्याली भाषाले स्पष्ट स्वरूप ग्रहण गर्न सकेको छैन तर डोटी क्षेत्रमा बोलिने भाषिक भेदहरूका बिचमा साझा विशेषताहरू पाउन सकिन्छ । यसरी डोट्याली भाषाको आफ्नै मौलिक वर्णव्यवस्था रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा डोट्यालीभाषाको वर्णव्यवस्थाको अध्ययन गर्ने कार्यलाई केन्द्रीय अभीष्ट बनाइएको छ ।

पुर्चौडी क्षेत्रमा प्रचलित उखानको विषयगत वर्गीकरण {Thematic classification of popular proverbs in Purchaudi region}

2024-03-03T11:01:16+00:00

प्रस्तुत आलेख पुर्चौडी क्षेत्रमा प्रचलित उखानहरुको विषयगत वर्गीकरण शीर्षकमा आधारित रहेको छ । अध्ययनको शोध्य समस्याको समाधानका लागी पुर्चौडी क्षेत्रमा प्रचलित उखानहरुलाई केन्द्रबिन्दु बनाएर स्थलगत सर्वेक्षण र सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । लोकसाहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक जगमा टेकेर पुर्चौडी क्षेत्रमा के कस्ता उखानहरुको प्रयोग गरिन्छ भन्ने पक्षको अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनलाई व्यवस्थित, प्रामाणित र गुणात्मक बनाउनका लागी सामाग्री सङ्कलन र विश्लेषण विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । अध्ययनका लागी आवश्यक पर्ने सामाग्रीहरु प्राथमिक र द्धितीयक स्रोतबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । लोक समुदायको भाषिक सम्पदा उखान सार्वभौम र सार्वकालिक हुने सन्दर्भको अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरिएको आलेखमा श्रुतिपरम्परामा रहेका उखानहरुको लोकविश्वासको आधारमा, नैतिक शिक्षाको आधारमा, धर्म संस्कृतिसम्बन्धी, जीवजन्तु र प्रकृतिसम्बन्धी गरी विषयगत वर्गीकरण गरिएको छ । आलेख तयार पार्दा सङ्कलित सामग्रीबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कको मूल्याङ्कन र विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षसम्म पुग्नका लागि आगमनात्मक र निगमनात्मक दुवै विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । आलेखमा उखान प्रयोगका स्रष्टा र संवाहक लोकसाहित्य कै व्यक्ति हुने भएकाले पुर्चौडी क्षेत्रका उखानहरु पनि त्यहीका जनजीवनका अभिव्यक्ति हुन्, अनुभूति हुन् भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

सहिद कथाको परिवेशविधान {Sahid Kathako Pariveshbidhan}

2024-03-03T11:06:45+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेखमा कथाकार गुरुप्रसाद मैनाली प्रणीत ‘सहिद’ कथाको परिवेशको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा राजनीतिक समस्यालाई मुख्य विषयवस्तु बनाएर लेखिएको यस कथामा स्थानगत, समयगत र वातावरणगत परिवेशको खोजी गर्ने प्रयोजनमा यो लेख केन्द्रित छ । यसका लागि कथाका मुख्य तŒवहरूमध्ये परिवेशलाई सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनलाई गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचा र विश्लेषणात्मक विधि अवलम्बन गरी निष्कर्षमा पु¥याइएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा कथाकारले कथामा प्रस्तुत गरिएका घटना र पात्रले कार्यव्यापार गरेका ठाउँ, समय र वातावरणसम्बद्ध भएर आएका उद्धरणका आधारमा कथाको परिवेशविधानलाई विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । प्रस्तुत कथामा स्थानिक परिवेशका रूपमा नेपालभन्दा बाहिरको सहरिया परिवेशको चित्रण भएको छ । प्रमुख कार्य स्थलका रूपमा छिमेकी राज्य भारतको शिक्षा, स्वास्थ र यातायातको सुविधा भएको सहरलाई प्रस्तुत गरेको छ भने गौण कार्य स्थलका रूपमा गायरखपुरको रेल स्टेसन, सरकारी सेना र मुक्ति सेनाका बिच युद्ध भएको कोसी किनारको स्थान रहेका छन् । सूच्य परिवेशका रूपमा नेपाली ग्रामीण क्षेत्र पनि आएको छ । ऐतिहासिक समयसम्बद्ध घटनालाई कथामा प्रस्तुत गरेका कथाकारले कथाकालका रूपमा साढे चार महिनाको अवधिलाई कथ्यमा समेटेका छन् । बाह्यवातावरणगत परिेवेशका रूपमा राणकालीन सत्ता र सत्ताको आडमा समाजका अन्तर्तहसम्म विस्तार भएको सामाजिक विभेद, अशिक्षा, राजनीतिक निरङ्कुशता तथा आन्तरिक वातावरणका रूपमा सामान्य र विशिष्ट चित्तवृत्तिपरक वातावरणका माध्यमबाट कथाको संरचनालाई पूर्णता प्रदान गरेका छन् ।