Tribhuvan Journal

लाहुरी भैंसी कथामा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवाद {Critical realism in the Lahuri buffalo story}

कमलादेवी Kamaladevi न्यौपाने Neupane — 2023-03-27

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा रमेश विकलद्वारा लेखिएको ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथालाई कथ्य विषय बनाएर त्यसमा अन्तर्निहित यथार्थको आलोचनात्मक पक्षलाई आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सैद्धान्तिक आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथालाई विकलको प्रतिनिधि कथा मानिन्छ । यस कथामा विकलले समाजको त्यस्तो यथार्थको प्रस्तुति गरेका छन् जो आलोच्य छ । नेपाली समाजमा सम्पन्न र सामन्तहरूले गरिब, सोझा, निमुखालाई मतिभ्रमित पारी शोषण, दमन गर्ने तथा शोषितहरूले आफूमाथि भएको शोषणको पत्तै नपाउने अवस्थाका साथै शोषकहरूको धूत्र्याईँलाई यिनका कथामा जीवन्त रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको हुन्छ । ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथाले नेपाली समाजको यस्तै समस्याको उठान गरेको छ । रमेश विकललाई प्रगतिवादी कथाकार भनिए पनि उनी आफ्ना कथाहरूमा मूलतः आलोचनात्मक देखिन्छन् । प्रस्तुत विश्लेष्य कथालाई समेत प्रायः समालोचकहरूले प्रगतिवादी कथा माने पनि यसमा प्रगतिवादका अभिलक्षणहरू कमजोर र आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादका अभिलक्षणहरू सबल रूपमा देखापरेको तथ्यलाई प्रस्तुत शोध्य लेखमा विश्लेष्य विषय बनाइएको छ । यस शोध्य लेखमा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार प्रस्तुत गरी ‘लाहुरी भैँसी’ कथा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादका सापेक्षमा केकस्तो देखिन्छ भन्ने समस्याका केन्द्रीयतामा अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाएर प्रस्तुत कथा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सवल प्रस्तुति रहेको कथा हो भन्ने पुष्टि गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

अर्को क्षितिजको खोज कथामा विश्वदृष्टि {A worldview in the story of the discovery of another horizon}

जीवनाथ Jivanath तिवारी Tiwari — 2023-03-27

भागीरथी श्रेष्ठद्वारा लिखित विभ्रम कथासङ्ग्रहमा सङ्गृहीत अर्को क्षितिजको खोज कथा पारिवारिक विषयवस्तुमा केन्द्रित रहेको देखिन्छ । प्रस्तुत कथामा अभिभावक अर्थात् मातृपितृ वर्गको पुरानो पुस्ता र तिनका सन्ततिहरूको नवीन पुस्ता गरी दुईवटा पुस्ता विश्वदृष्टिका केन्द्र बनेका छन् । यस खालका पुराना र नयाँखालका पुस्ताले जीवनजगत्का बारेमा भिन्न भिन्न विश्वदृष्टिको विकास गरेका छन् । सन्ततिहरूलाई अटुट माया गर्ने, उनीहरूको शिक्षादीक्षामा विशेष चासो राख्ने, गरगहना बेचेर दुःख कष्ट सहेर भए पनि आफ्ना सन्ततिहरूको उज्वल भविष्यको लागि सधै चिन्तित रहने पुरानो पुस्तामा विकसित आशावादी विश्वदृष्टि र नवीन पुस्तामा विकसित अभिभावकहरूलाई तिरस्कार अपमान तथा घृणा गर्ने एकल परिवारमा रमाउने चरम पुँजीवादका कारण विकसित हुँदै गइरहेको विमा नवीकरणको विश्वदृष्टि विकसित भएको पाइन्छ । नवीन पुस्तास्वार्थ प्रेरित ढङ्गले अगाडि बढ्दै गएको छ । शिक्षित सहरिया सम्पन्न परिवारमा एकल परिवारको अवधारणा विकसित हुँदै गइरहेको छ । सहरिया सम्पन्नताले मानवता, मानवीय धर्म र कर्तव्य पातलिँदै गएको छ । यसरी विकसित विश्वदृष्टिले संरचनाको समान धर्मितासमेत कायम गरेको छ ।

उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासमा अभिघात चेतना {Traumatic Consciousness in the Novel Toward 'the Light'}

टंकप्रसाद Tankaprasad पन्थ Pantha — 2023-03-27

प्रस्तुत लेखमा पाश्चात्य समालोचनाका क्षेत्रमा उत्तरआधुनिक समयमा विकास भएको अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा उपन्यासकार शंकरप्रसाद गैरेको उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासलाई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अभिघात सिद्धान्त पाश्चात्य साहित्य चिन्तनमा सशक्त रूपमा देखापरेको उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी चिन्तनको सशक्त अभियान हो । कुनै युद्धजन्य प्रहार अनि मानवीय व्यवहारबाट लाग्ने शारीरिक तथा मानसिकजन्य चोटको कारण र अवस्थालाई प्रकाश पार्ने काम यस सिद्धान्तले गर्दछ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त अभिघातका सन्दर्भहरूलाई पहिचान गर्नु यस अध्ययनको प्रमुख समस्या हो । अभिघात चेतनाका आधारमा उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासलाई विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुग्नु नै यस अध्ययनको मूल उद्देश्य रहेको छ । अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा टेकेर कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको हुनाले यस लेखमा समालोचनाको सैद्धान्तिक विधिलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यास पुण्यप्रसाद प्रसाईँको ‘छापामार’ उपन्यासको पुनर्लेखन हो । यस उपन्यासमा उपस्थित भएका पूर्वपृष्ठभूमिका पात्रहरू नेपालको दसबर्से सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वको प्रहार सहन विवश भएको अवस्थाको वर्णन गरिएको छ । प्रमुख पात्र सत्य अभाव, गरिबी र विभिन्न घातप्रतिघात सहेर अभिघातको सिकार हुन पुगेको कुरालाई निरूपण गरी सशस्त्र सङ्घर्षका साथै नियति निर्दिष्ट घातप्रतिघातका कारण अभिघात अनुकूल बनेर आएको छ । यस क्रममा शोधविधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । अभिघातजन्य परिस्थितिको निर्माण हुनुले अभिघातको सैद्धान्तिक पृष्ठभूमिलाई आधार बनाई आवश्यकताअनुसार प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्रीको सङ्कलन व्याख्यात्मक र वर्णनात्मक ढङ्गले अध्ययन विश्लोण गरी व्यवस्थापन गरिएको छ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासका उपन्यासकारले विविध कारणबाट अभिघातको पीडा भोग्न विवश हुनुका साथै प्रहारबाट मर्माहत बनेका पात्रहरूको अभिघातित अवस्थालाई प्रकाश पार्नु नै यस लेखको मूलभूत निचोड रहेको छ ।

थैले खत्रीको इतिहास कथामा प्रगतिवाद {Progressivism in Thale Khatri's historical fiction}

टंकप्रसाद Tankaprasad भट्टराई Bhattarai — 2023-03-27

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख प्रदीप नेपालको “थैले खत्रीको इतिहास’ कथाको विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । समाजमा विद्यमान शोषक र शोषित दुई वर्गमध्ये शोषक वर्गद्वारा शोषित वर्गमाथि गरिने चरम अन्याय र त्यसको विरुद्धमा शोषित वर्गले गर्ने विद्रोहलाई प्रस्तुत गर्ने कथा लेखनका केन्द्रीयतामा अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाइएको छ । समकालीन कथा लेखनका क्षेत्रमा प्रगतिवादी कथाकारको परिचय बनाएका प्रदीप नेपालको ‘धरहराको सहर’ कथासङ्ग्रह भित्रको ‘थैले खत्रीको इतिहास’ उनको प्रतिनिधि कथा हो । यस कथाले प्रगतिवादी विचारधारालाई बलियोसँग उठाएको छ । समाजका दुई वर्ग शोषक र शोषितमध्ये शोषितहरूले गर्ने विद्रोहलाई प्रगतिवादका सापेक्षतामा अध्ययन गर्न प्रदीप नेपालको ‘थैले खत्रीको इतिहास’ कथालाई विश्लेष्य सामग्रीकारूपमा चयन गरी कथाले सामाजिक शोषणको कुन रूपलाई प्रस्तुत गरेको छ र त्यसको विरुद्ध विद्रोह गर्नेवर्गको विरोधको विरुद्ध कसरी प्रस्तुत भएको छ भन्ने दृष्टिकोणबाट कथाको विश्लेषणलाई अगाडि बढाई त्यसैका केन्द्रीयतामा यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

कि त आज घरमा कोही मानिस छैन ? कवितामा साइबर संस्कृति {Or is there no one at home today? in poetry Cyber culture}

शंकरप्रसाद Shankarprasad गैरे Gaire — 2023-03-27

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख गोविन्दराज भट्टराईको ‘कि त आज घरमा कोही मानिस छैन ?’ कविताको विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । यस लेखमा वर्तमान समयमा मान्छे यन्त्रबाट परिचालित हुँदै गएको अवस्थामा गोविन्दराज भट्टराईद्वारा लेखिएको यस कविताले वर्तमान अवस्थामा मान्छे यन्त्र चालित हुँदै गैरहेको अवस्थालाई कसरी प्रस्तुत गरेको छ भन्ने विषयलाई केन्द्रमा राखेर कविताको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पछिल्लो समयलाई उत्तर आधुनिक युग भनिन्छ । विज्ञानको चरम विकासले मान्छेको स्वभाव, संस्कारमै परिवर्तन ल्याएको छ । मान्छे आधा मान्छे र आधा यन्त्र बनेको छ । उसमा मानवीय संवेदना मर्दै गएको छ । अर्कातर्फ यन्त्रनै आधामानव भैदिएको छ । यसले गर्दा मान्छे मान्छेबाट टाढिँदै गएको छ भने यन्त्रसँग आत्मीय बन्दै गैरहेको छ भन्नेभावलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको यस कवितामा साइबर संस्कृति र सभ्यताको नकारात्मक पक्षलाई कसरी उठाइएको छ र साइबरले मान्छेमान्छे बीचको सम्बन्धमा कसरी दुरी सिर्जना गर्दै गएको छ भन्ने समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेर साइबर साहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाका आधारमा यस कविताको विश्लेषण गरी प्रस्तुत शोध्य लेखमा कवितामा प्रयुक्त साइबर संस्कृति र त्यसले सिर्जना गरेको सभ्यतालाई सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारका दृष्टिबाट पुष्टि गरिएको छ ।

मधेसतिर कथामा सीमान्तीयता {Marginality in the story towards Madhes}

शारदा Sharada खनाल Khanal — 2023-03-27

प्रस्तुत लेखमा आख्यानकार विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको मधेसतिर कथामा प्रयुक्त पात्रहरूको सीमान्तीयताको प्रतिनिधित्वका आधारमा अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । सीमान्तीय भनेका निर्धा, निमुखा, ओझेलमा पारिएका, हेपिएका, दबाइएका शोषित, पीडित, दलित अधीनस्थ, पाखा पारिएका, आवाजविहीन तथा इतिहासविहीन व्यक्ति, समुदाय, समाज, जाति, क्षेत्र आदि हुन् । पात्रहरूको प्रतिनिधित्वलाई भौतिक प्रतिनिधित्व र भाषागत लेखनका आधारमा गराइने प्रतिनिधित्व गरी दुई आधारमा छुट्टाएर भौतिक प्रतिनिधित्वलाई पनि पात्रगत प्रतिनिधित्व, परिवेशगत प्रतिनिधित्व र विचारधारात्मक प्रतिनिधित्व गरी विभिन्न उपशीर्षकहरूमा छुट्टाई अध्ययन गरिएको छ । प्रमुख, सहायक र गौण सबै पात्र सीमान्तीय भएकाले कथामा सीमान्तीयताको भरपुर प्रतिनिधित्व भएको छ । सामाजिक संरचनाले सीमान्तीय बनेकी विधवामा पुनर्विवाह गरेर नयाँ जीवनको सुरुवात गर्ने इच्छा भएर पनि हिन्दू धार्मिक र पितृसत्तात्मक विचारधाराले बसेकै ठाउँमा सहजतापूर्वक पुनर्विवाह हुने अवस्था नभएपछि घर मात्र होइन गाउँ नै छोडेर हिँड्न बाध्य भएकी छ । नेपाली सामाजिक संरचनाअनुरुप पुरुषले नै आयआर्जनको उत्तरदायित्व बहन गर्नुपर्ने बाध्यताअनुसार बूढो, गोरे, भोटे, धने जस्ता पात्रहरू पैसा कमाउन र पेटभरि खान पाउने आशामा आफ्नो जन्मथलो छोडेर मधेसतिर जान बाध्य भएकाले उनीहरू पनि सीमान्तीय पात्र हुन् । कृतिको अर्थापनका लागि सघन पाठविश्लेषण विधिअनुसार सन्दर्भपरक अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरी स्थापित सिद्धान्तका आधारमा परिणाम निकालिएकाले यो अध्ययन गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको छ। प्रस्तुत कथामा भाषाका माध्यमबाट पनि सीमान्तीयताको प्रतिनिधित्व गराइएको छ । समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा मधेसतिर कथा सीमान्तीयताको पात्रगत, परिवेशत, विचारधारात्मक तथा भाषागत सबै दृष्टिले प्रतिनिधित्व भएको कथा हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ ।

Spectrophotometric Determination of Total Vitamin C Content in Different Fruits and Vegetables Consumed in Tansen, Palpa

Devendra Khadka — 2023-03-27

Vitamin C plays an important role in metabolism and is found in many fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study was to estimate the total vitamin C content of some fruits and vegetables available in Tansen, Palpa, Nepal using the spectrophotometric method. In this method, ascorbic acid was oxidised to dehydroascorbic acidat 37°C with bromine water in a solution of acetic acid, which was coupled with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). This solution produced a red-coloured complex with 85% H₂SO₄. The absorbance of that complex was determined at 530 nm. Fifteen samples of fruits and vegetables (lemon, grapes, orange, tomato, banana, pomegranate, sugarcane, carrot, apple, cucumber, potato, cauliflower, cabbage, sweetlime, and pomelo) were collected from the local market of Tansen to determine vitamin C content. Among fruits, vitamin C content was maximum in lemon (76.122 ppm) and minimum in cucumber (17.90 ppm), whereas, in vegetables, it was maximum in potato (26.107 ppm) and minimum in cabbage (13.106 ppm). The values of vitamin C content in different samples of fruits and vegetables were compared with the available literature values. This study has contributed to understanding the concentration of vitamin C in various fruits and vegetables.

Oil Politics and the Environmental Crisis in Galeano’s Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent

Kumari Lama — 2023-03-27

The politics of oil has played a vital role for the massive exploitation of Venezuela’s natural resources such as the petroleum products. When the European colonizers entered into the Latin American countries in the sixteenth century, initially they took hold of the land and the people; later, they pillaged and exploited their natural resources together with the American capitalist cartels. This paper analyzes the petroleum politics that includes the European and American oil cartels that has adversely affected environment in the region. In this paper, I have explored the western capitalists’ petroleum politics in Eduardo Galeano’s book Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Mainly I have focused on the case of Venezuela’s Lake Maracaibo, where a continuous spilling of oil has brought a huge damage to different water species; for instance, fishery is on the verge of collapse and the surrounding is severely affected. The craving of capitalist alliances for the petroleum products has ignored the fact that humans have to pay the cost of environmental destruction as a result of the oil politics. The paper sheds light on the environmental crisis, which is caused by continuous extracting and spilling of oil in Lake Maracaibo. Subsequently, the Venezuelan prosperity has got threatened as it totally relies on the ‘oil culture’. To explore the widespread ecological damage on Lake Maracaibo and its surroundings, I have used the deep ecological concept of Arne Naess, which argues that there is the connectedness and dependency of living and non-living things with each other so that any disturbance can hamper the whole ecosystem. Besides Naess’s ecological concept, I have also drawn ideas from the insights of ecocritics Cheryll Glotfelty and Val Plum wood to support Naess’s ecological concept and to clarify the conceptual framework of this paper.

Physico-Chemical Parameterization and Comparison of Some Milks

Madhab Gautam — 2023-03-27

Milk is a source of Lactose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, minerals, etc. This work was carried out to estimate and compare the physicochemical parameters of fresh milk and boiled milk of Human (woman), Cow, Buffalo and Goat of Palpa after one month of their pregnancy time in December, 2018and to compare these parameters with their standard values. These were analyzed using standard literature methods. I t has been determined that Fresh Human milk has 8.16 pH, 7.7 % Lactose, 3.30 %, Fat, 85 % Water, and 0.036mg Chloride, Fresh Cow milk has 6.68 pH, 3.7 % Lactose, 3.71 % Fat, 90 % Water, and 0.035mg Chloride, Fresh Buffalo milk has 6.07 pH, 3.8 % Lactose, 5.84 % Fat, 90 % Water, and 0.037 mg Chloride and Fresh Goat Milk has 6.81 pH, 3.1 % Lactose, 4.93 % Fat, 83.25 % Water, and 0.036 mg Chloride but 7.50 pH, 7.6 % Lactose, 3.11 %Fat, 71 % Water and 0.03249 mg Chloride in Human milk, 6.24 pH, 3.3 % Lactose, 3.21 % Fat, 79.5 % Water, and 0.03427 mg Chloride in Cow milk, 5.54 pH, 3.1 % Lactose, 5.74 % Fat, 88.5 % Water, and 0.01831 mg Chloride in Buffalo milk and 6.36 pH, 2.9 % Lactose, 4.37 % Fat, 79.5 % Water, and 0.04136 mg Chloride in Goat milk after boiling at 50°C respectively. All determined parameters of collected milk samples meet the standard requirements and boiled milk is found to be better than fresh milk.

Catch 22 of Common Man’s Masculinity in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman

Mukta Bahadur Nepali — 2023-03-27

Arthur Miller’s “Death of a Salesman” (1949) presents the working-class masculinity under threat. This paper has sought to argue that the threat is posed not only by the protagonist’s inability to assert his working-class masculine identity due to his (fear of) unemployment, but also by the instrumental use of reason by the employer and hegemonic masculinity. It has tried to unfold this threat in terms of R. Connell’s idea of ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and CALM report on crisis of modern masculinity published in 2014. The assumption is that Miller has depicted this threat by presenting the male protagonist in such an unfavorable situation that it relegates him to the vulnerable position of not being able to assert his masculine identity. It is also assumed that this threat is further validated by the presence of dominant masculinity. This research has sought to dramatize the playwright's consciousness of the masculinities in conflict and its outcome in America. This research is critically significant because reading this drama from the perspective of the crisis of subordinate or working-class masculinity is a far cry.

Prevalence of Protozoan and Helminths Parasitic Infection in Palpa, Nepal

Pit Bahadur Nepali — 2023-03-27

In rural areas of underdeveloped countries, the parasitic infestation is a major public health issue for children and the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of parasite infestations and risk variables related to Palpa parasitic infestations. The population sample was selected from the Tansen area's usual population, as determined by randomized cluster sampling. A total of 700 samples were collected, with 280 persons from urban regions and 420 from rural areas, for a total of 100 people from various categories in each health center. Data were collected for each person based on their age, gender, and place of residence (urban or rural), as well as through a semi-structured questionnaire and a personal interview. Each health center's laboratory technician team conducted the microscopic investigation of samples (blood, urine, and feces). Five protozoal and six helminth parasites were found among the 11 parasites, with eight kinds of gastrointestinal parasites and three species of blood parasites. The most frequent parasites were discovered to be Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Ascaris lumbricoides. Females and those who live in rural areas are more likely to be parasite-infested. Prevalence was highest among children under the age of 15 and the elderly. Administrators, health experts, and the community need to approve improvements in the living environment and cleaning practices to break the transmission cycle of parasitic illnesses, health education, and community approval.

Walker Empowering Women in Meridian

Raju Parajuli — 2023-03-27

With the picture of personal struggle to overcome the patriarchal society, Alice Walker has concentrated on the empowerment of female values for the establishment and preservation of social and individual female identity in Meridian. Portrayed as a poor, uneducated, and a black girl, Meridian faces social and culturally harsh treatment and black males have behaved her as a toy resulting in double patriarchy. Her attachment with the Civil Rights Movement has brought a transformation and realization within her, which has ultimately enabled her to exist and revolt against male hegemony. Following the feminism as its theoretical tool, this research examines on how a neglected, uneducated poor black girl Meridian transfers herself into an independent woman having her own identity with representative character of an empowered woman. This article tries to examine how Walker has empowered females in the novel, Meridian.

Error Analysis of Written English Composition: A Case of Basic Level Students

Ram Nath Neupane — 2023-03-27

Error analysis is an important branch of applied linguistics which deals with errors committed by second or foreign language learners. The present article is about error analysis that aims to investigate the frequency, types and causes of errors committed by basic level students. To accomplish the objectives, the researcher adopted positivist philosophical approach and survey research design. The researcher collected the data from two schools of Palpa and two schools of Rupandehi consisting ten students from each school. Writing composition was the main tool for data collection and the collected data were categorized into different categories such as verb tense, subject verb agreement, inappropriate use of article, wrong use of preposition. The frequency of occurrence of errors and their causes were analyzed. The findings of the study highlight that the most of basic level students commit grammatical errors in sub-verb agreement and they are caused due to intralingual as well as interlingual factors. This study can play a pivotal role for improving writing skills of students.

Public Expenditure on Transportation Infrastructure and Growth: Evidence from Nepal

Santosh Khanal — 2023-03-27

The speedy growth in public investment in various sectors was assumed after decades of conflict and an unstable political situation. With the declaration of the Federal Republic, Nepal is going to embark on accelerated economic growth. This has somewhat caused concerns among policymakers of its implication for economic growth. And the government investment in transportation infrastructure is one of the core strategies, called the ‘infrastructure of infrastructures’. The main aim of this study is, therefore, to explain the relationship between economic growth and public expenditure in the transportation sector in Nepal. Primarily, this study has focused on the distinction of expenditures in the five-year development plans in three systems (Panchayat, Democratic, and Republic). This study used time series data collected between 1975 and 2016. The statistical and econometric tools have been used for the study. The result shows that the trend of government investment on public expenditure has increased in the Republic system. This study reveals that the variables are stationary on the first difference. The obtained regression model is satisfactory by diagnostic tests (errors are normally distributed, no serial correlation and homoscedastic). The data explain the positive and significant influence of Transportation Capital Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product, and, hence, it is contributing to economic growth. Furthermore, the results show short-run unidirectional causation from Transportation Capital Expenditure to Gross Domestic Product.

Use and Effects of Pesticides in Bagnaskali Rural Municipality-5, Darlamdanda, Palpa

Toyanath Belbase — 2023-03-27

This study assessed the pesticide use practice and its health effect among the farmers of Baganaskali Rural Municipality-5 Darlamdanda, Palpa. A total of 64 respondents was selected as a sample population and data was collected through semi- structured interviews and observation. During the study, 26 types of pesticides were documented among them insecticide was the most dominant (15) followed by fungicide (6), herbicide (2), rodenticide (1) and bactericide (1). Nuvan, malathion and bullet were the most commonly used pesticides which were commonly used to control pest and to increase the yield. More than 90% farmers were suffered from pesticide related health signs and symptoms after the application of pesticide. Headache (84.38%), skin irritation (79.69%), eye problem (69.17%), muscular pain (60.94%) and dizziness (50%) were the most common health problems. Majority (95.31%) of farmers used safety measures but among them only (3.13%) farmers used whole body covering PPE. Trousers (92.19%), full sleeved clothes (82.83%) and mask (75%) were the most commonly used PPEs. Only 28.13% of farmers were participated in pesticide related training. The status of pesticide storage, handling and disposal was not found satisfactory. The farmers were in need of special attention in terms of taking safety precautions, pesticide storage, safe handling and disposal. It is recommended that the trainings regarding the use of pesticide, safe handling and use of personal protective equipment’s should be conducted with more ecofriendly farming system to raise the awareness among farmers.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphates in Detergent Samples Available in Tansen, Palpa

Yub Narayan Thapa — 2023-03-27

Phosphate is primarily used as a builder in detergents, which helps soften hard water, thereby increasing the cleansing power of detergents. Extensive discharge of phosphate from detergents leads to eutrophication of surface water bodies. This work aims to assess the amount of phosphate present in detergent samples available in Tansen, Palpa, and compare its concentration between local and foreign detergents. Phosphate in detergent samples can be determined by the molybdenum blue phosphorus method using a spectrophotometer. The experimental process relies on forming a phosphomolybdate blue complex with ammonium molybdate and the subsequent reduction of the complex by hydrazine hydrate in an aqueous sulphuric acid medium. The system obeys Beer-Lambert’s law at 830 nm in the concentration range of 2-16 ppm. In this study, the phosphate concentration in local detergents (Dhoni, Light, V-Series, Nirma, Upahar, Patanjali, Rin Shakti and Dr Jhatka) varied from 15.54-33.03 ppm, and that of foreign detergents (Wheel, Super Check, Surf Excel, Tide and Ariel) ranged from 23.81- 32.65 ppm. The amount of phosphate was compared between local and foreign detergent samples using the student's t-test, which revealed no significant difference between them. The results obtained from the study disclosed that the detergents under investigation are within the permissible limits of phosphate. However, non- phosphate-based builders can be used to discourage the use of phosphate in detergents.