Nepali Diaspora and Brain Drain: A Human Capital Challenge with National Security Implications

Abstract

The Nepali diaspora has grown significantly in recent years, driven by labor migration, educational opportunities abroad, and socio‑political factors. Although remittances contribute significantly to Nepal’s GDP, brain drain–the migration of skilled human capital from the sending country–has posed numerous challenges. This article examines the Nepali diaspora and brain drain as a critical human capital issue with direct implications for national security. The study addresses three key research questions: What are the patterns and socio‑economic impacts of skilled migration from Nepal? How does the loss of skilled human capital affect Nepal’s national security? What policy measures can effectively encourage the retention of such talents? A mixed‑methods design has been applied, combining quantitative analysis of migration data (2020–2025) with qualitative data. The findings reveal that low income, political instability, and weak institutional structures in Nepal intersect with strong external pull factors such as higher salaries, research opportunities, and global recognition, perpetuating a self‑reinforcing cycle of talent loss. The study argues that large‑scale migration not only constrains innovation and service delivery in the sending state, but also erodes its national resilience. The article concludes by proposing a five‑pillar policy framework–retention, reintegration, diaspora engagement, institutional reform, and international collaboration–to safeguard Nepal’s human capital as a strategic resource for sustainable development and national security .