Mountaineering and National Security Challenge in Nepal

Abstract

Mountaineering is a cornerstone of the Nepal’s national identity and a key economic sector in the Nepali economy. However, it is increasingly associated with complex national security challenges. With 461 peaks open for climbing, mountaineering routes are being exploited for non‑touristic purposes, including unauthorized communications, influence campaigns, and other illicit activities. This study employs a mixed‑methods approach to examine the interrelationship between mountaineering, environmental risk and national security. It integrates policy document analysis with quantitative data derived from surveys of purposively selected key informants. Through better inter‑agency coordination, surveillance and environmental risk governance, the analysis reveals crucial opportunities could enhance systemic resilience in terms of security and environmental management. The study argues that existing governance arrangements are inadequate to balance economic opportunity with rising risks. Accordingly, it calls for the implementation of integrated, technology‑driven regulations to strengthen security oversight and environmental sustainability. This research offers an important evidence base for strategic policy reforms, including enforcement measures in Nepal's mountaineering sector.