Histopathological spectrum of testicular lesions at the tertiary care center of Nepal

Abstract

Background: Testis is affected by both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. Testicular malignancies are rather uncommon as compared to non-neoplastic conditions. Testicular malignancies make up less than 1% of all male cancers and are most prevalent in the 15-35 years’ age group. The objective of this study was to assess the clinico-pathological spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the testis among patients seeking care at a tertiary care hospital of Nepal.

Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Dhulikhel hospital. This study included all cases of orchidectomy specimens received in the Department of Pathology from January 2020 to January 2025. Data pertaining to histopathological diagnosis, age of the patient, and laterality of lesions were evaluated.

Results: Non-neoplastic lesions of the testis are more common than neoplastic lesions. 80.95% were nonneoplastic, and 19.05% were neoplastic. Testicular lesions were more common on the right side than on the left side. Among the 34 non-neoplastic lesions, the most common diagnoses were testicular atrophy and testicular torsion/infarction. Among neoplastic lesions, adenomatoid tumor, seminoma, and mixed germ cell tumors were equally distributed.

Conclusions: Testicular atrophy and torsion/infarction were the most frequent non-neoplastic findings, while seminoma, adenomatoid tumor, and mixed germ cell tumor were the common neoplasms. Testicular lesions showed a wide age distribution, with torsion occurring more frequently in younger individuals and neoplastic lesions clustering in middle-aged adults. These findings highlight the importance of histopathological evaluation in the accurate diagnosis and characterization of testicular lesions.