The Impact of Public Use Water and Sanitation on the Community Health of Chitwan, Nepal

Abstract

This study analyzed the use of public water and sanitation services and their implications for community health in Nepal. A descriptive, cross-sectional mixed-methods design incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 210 respondents using a structured questionnaire, while secondary data and relevant literature were reviewed to identify research gaps and support the findings. The study identified two principal sources of drinking water: hand pumps, used by all households (100%), and piped supply systems, accessed by 83% of households. Community members preferred hand-pump water because it remained warm during winter and cool during summer, whereas piped water was considered less acceptable due to the odor caused by bleaching powder and potash treatment. Households reported adequate water availability for personal hygiene and emphasized the need for annual water quality testing. Proper handwashing with water and liquid soap after toilet use and contact with contaminated materials was widely practiced, and child feces were disposed of hygienically. Solid waste was temporarily stored in sacks and collected monthly; however, residents favored daily or weekly collection. Municipal disposal of waste in nearby forests poses significant environmental and public health concerns.