Geopolitics and the Federalism in Nepal: A Study of Internal and External Influences

Abstract

Nepal adopted a federal system of governance with the promulgation of its 2015
Constitution. While the implementation of federalism has been widely discussed in
terms of ethnic identity, decentralization, and good governance, the role of geopolitical
factors remains unexplored. Considering such a gap in research literature, this paper
examines the influence of Nepal’s geopolitical realities on the implementation and
stability of its federal structure. Employing a qualitative research method, the study
draws on secondary sources such as books, policy documents, academic journals,
newspapers, and relevant online resources. The findings reveal that Nepal's federalism
is significantly shaped by both internal and external geopolitical factors. Internally,
demands for political representation and autonomy from various ethnic and regional
groups, coupled with disputes over resource distribution and governance, have posed
substantial challenges. Externally, Nepal’s strategic location between India and China
has subjected it to competing influences from both powers, affecting economic policy,
security, and the balance of power across government tiers. The study concludes that
to sustain political stability and promote effective federal governance, Nepal must
strategically manage its internal diversity and external geopolitical pressures Such
strategies are inclusive governance, balanced diplomacy, maintaining equilibrium in
relations with neighbours and the international community, security and preparedness.