Changing Trends and Patterns of Infant and Child Mortality in Nepal: Evidence from Nationally Representative Surveys, 1996–2022

Abstract

Nepal has experienced the changing trends of infant and child mortality over the past three decades. Understanding these trends and patterns is crucial for sustaining progress and guiding future policy. This study examines trends and patterns in infant and child mortality in Nepal (1996-2022) and their association with maternal, geographical, and socio-economic factors.
A trend and pattern analysis using the Nepal Family Health Survey (NFHS) 1996 and the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2022 assessed infant mortality rate (IMR) and child mortality rate (CMR) across maternal, geographical, and socio-economic factors. National IMR declined from 93.0 per 1,000 live births in 1996 to 28.0 in 2022, while CMR declined from 50.9 per 1,000 in 1996 to 5.0 in 2022. The most rapid reduction in IMR occurred from 1996 to 2006, followed by a continued decline after 2006. Overall, the reduction in IMR was slower than the decline in CMR, reflecting ongoing risk among infants. Nepal has made tremendous progress in reducing infant and child mortality rates, as reflected in the study findings. However, further reduction in IMR and CMR will require continued, equity-focused efforts, including maternal and child health care services. Strengthening maternal and child health services, promoting optimal birth spacing, enhancing awareness through educational programs, and addressing socio-economic and geographical disparities remain critical for achieving sustainable development goals.