Provincial Disparities under Federalism in Nepal

Abstract

This article analyzes provincial disparities within the federal system in Nepal using secondary data. The data are drawn from the Nepal Living Standards Survey IV (2022/23) and the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022. The study applies a comparative descriptive method to examine comparative trend in access to development across provinces. Present analysis examines differences with basic development indicators among the seven provinces provided by national level surveys. The study compares labour markets, service access, household amenities, maternal health, sanitation, and child well-being to examine provincial disparities. The findings show that Bagmati and Gandaki Provinces perform better in several indicators. Access on stronger infrastructure, institutional concentration, and better market is comparatively high to these Provinces. Karnali and Madhesh appears relatively disadvantaged condition in multiple sectors. However, some positive outcomes in birth registration and immunization show the value of targeted intervention in Karnali Province is significant developmental reflection. The results suggest that political federalization only does not assure balanced development in the context of Nepal. The redistribution of resources for stronger equalization of gains and improvements in internal governance system would be significant in reducing gap between the provinces.  Institutional effectiveness, proper coordination and the capability which broaden human well-being which is applied in the development of provinces. The study concludes that Nepal needs stronger equalization policies and institutional support for the weakest provinces. This can make federalism more socially meaningful and territorially inclusive in Nepal.