Biocentric Interrelationship and Human Non-Human Interdependency in Valmiki Ramayana

Abstract

This study examines the interrelationship between the human and non-human continuum in Sage Valmiki’s Valmiki Ramayana. The objective of this paper is to discuss the human and non-human relationship and their interdependence for coexistence. It argues that the human non-human cooperation and connectivity that Valmiki shows in the epic reveals a decisive shift from an anthropocentric worldview to a biocentric. This argument is informed by the ecological literary theory of Cheryl Glotfelty, Arne Naess, and David Pepper. Using this ecocritical theoretical lens, the study argues that the epic in general, and Kiskinda Kanda in particular, portrays a reciprocal relationship between human and non-human agents, including birds, animals, insects, and humans, on equal footing. It embodies the concept that rivers, forests, trees, ponds, and flowers have the same significance as humans. The reciprocal bond of friendship between Sri Rama and Sugriva is a notable example that blurs the distinction between higher-order and lower-order thinking. Valmiki Ramayana, in general, and Kiskinda Kanda, in particular, articulates the biocentric worldview to inculcate the view that every living and non-living human and non-human being has equal significance. The interconnectedness between Sri Rama and Sugriva is evident. The article's argument is discussed using a qualitative research design. It pools data from secondary materials by reviewing the related existing literature.