Tilapia Aquaculture in Nepal: A Review

Abstract

Tilapia aquaculture has gained global prominence due to its rapid growth, environmental tolerance, and high production efficiency. In Nepal, tilapia farming is an emerging sector with considerable potential for diversification and intensification of aquaculture. This review provides an integrated overview of tilapia aquaculture in Nepal, covering its history, recent scientific and technological developments, production status, input and seed supply systems, key constraints, and prospective directions for future growth. The species was first introduced in 1985, with subsequent research and dissemination led by national institutions and universities. Recent studies demonstrate that monosex culture, improved feeding strategies, and integrated systems such as polyculture and cage-pond integration significantly enhance productivity and profitability. Despite these advances, the sector faces key challenges, including limited availability of quality monosex seed, inadequate extension services, low market penetration, and ecological risks associated with escape and establishment in natural water bodies. Emerging hatchery developments and value chain initiatives suggest a favorable trend toward the commercialization of the sector. Given Nepal’s favorable climatic conditions, strategic expansion of tilapia farming, supported by strong policy frameworks, biosecurity measures, and capacity building can substantially contribute to sustainable aquaculture development, rural livelihoods, and national food and nutritional security.