Factors affecting the occurrence of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Rara National Park, Nepal

Abstract

Understanding the factors driving red fox occupancy is crucial for conservation management planning in the high-mountain ecosystem. This study identified the factors affecting red fox occupancy in Rara National Park, Nepal. The camera-trapping survey was conducted to collect presence-absence data on species. Single-season, single-species occupancy modeling was fitted to estimate the occupancy probability (Ψ) and detection probability (p), accounting for imperfect detection. This study resulted in a naïve occupancy of red fox of 0.4 and a predictive occupancy probability of 0.67. The detection probability was estimated at 0.55 across the study area. Occupancy of red fox was positively associated with the terrain ruggedness index (β = 1.410 ± 0.701, p = 0.044) and negatively associated with altitude (β = −1.401 ± 0.656, p = 0.033). Distance to water had no significant effect on occupancy. Additionally, detection probability was significantly influenced by distance to water sources (β = 0.636 ± 0.314, p = 0.043), whereas TRI and altitude showed no significant effects. These findings recommend incorporating terrain characteristics, particularly habitat ruggedness, into future conservation planning and habitat management strategies for red foxes in Rara National Park. These findings provide the baseline information for red fox conservation and habitat management planning in Rara National Park.