Human-snake dynamics in the Madi Valley, Chitwan District, south-central Nepal

Abstract

Human-snake conflict is a pressing issue in the lowlands of Nepal, where human population density and snake species diversity is high. As Madi Valley is within the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, it is home to diverse snake species and locals frequently encounter snakes and suffer from snakebites. This study examines temporal changes in snake sightings, snakebite incidence, and public perceptions of snakes among residents of Madi. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among community members of eastern, central, and western Madi in 2010, and a follow-up was conducted in 2025 using the same questionnaire. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire that included demographic details, types of snakes encountered, identification capability, snakebite history, treatment-seeking behavior, and perceptions of snake conservation. Among 50 respondents, 72% encountered both venomous and non-venomous snakes, with kraits (90%), pythons (52%), and rat snakes (46%) being the most commonly identified species. Snake encounters were frequent in bushes (52%), near water sources (42%), and in forested or riverine areas. A total of 12 snakebite incidents were reported. Treatment was sought mainly at local health posts (41.7%) and Bharatpur Hospital (41.7%), resulting in a 75% survival rate. While 64% of respondents viewed snakes as ecologically important and worthy of conservation, 26% considered them harmful and advocated their killing. Krait was the most common species encountered, and people considered it dangerous. Snakebites mainly occur at night. While most victims sought medical care, some relied on ineffective household treatments. Fear and misconceptions still persist despite the majority of the respondents supporting snake conservation. However, there was a notable shift from 2010 to 2025 in community perceptions and practices, with improved snake identification, increased awareness of snake ecology, higher reliance on formal healthcare for snakebite management, and a gradual reduction in misconceptions and negative attitudes toward snakes, indicating improved coexistence and awareness.