From trade routes to trekking trails: A comparative assessment of livelihood capitals among Sherpa households in the Everest (Khumbu) region of Nepal

Abstract

This paper presents comparative analysis of the livelihood capitals of Sherpa households in Nepal’s Everest (Khumbu) region, with a focus on their livelihood adaptation, diversification strategies, and resilience over a period of about seventy years. This timeline is marked by significant changes following Nepal’s democratic transition in 1951 and the first ascent of Mount Everest in 1953, which led to the rapid expansion of tourism—now a major contributor to the local as well as national economy. Using case studies of two Sherpa villages—Namche Bazar and Thulo Gumela—this research examines the differences in the state of livelihood capitals between households located along the main tourist trail to Everest Base camp and those in more remote areas. The research is based on household survey data gathered from sixty male and female Sherpa participants, with balanced representation across all age groups in both villages. Findings reveal that Sherpa households have developed diverse strategies to navigate shifting economic, political, and environmental contexts. An analysis of livelihood capitals based on a five capital model as defined in the DFID’s Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) shows that Namche households effectively leverage financial capital to enhance other forms of livelihood capital, while Thulo Gumela also demonstrates effective resource management despite having lower levels of human, financial, and physical capital. This study provides essential insights for relevant authorities and stakeholders seeking to improve sustainable livelihood outcomes for both on-route and off-route villages in Khumbu. It underscores the need for strategies that promote conservation within the Sagarmatha National Park and its buffer zone while fostering economic growth and community development.